WR39C The Nanny Dilemma Paper The second draft should reach 1700-word minimum, be multi modal (including images/graphs), include footnotes/endnotes, and ut

WR39C The Nanny Dilemma Paper The second draft should reach 1700-word minimum, be multi modal (including images/graphs), include footnotes/endnotes, and utilize in-text citations. Also end with your bibliography (which does not contribute to the 1700-word count).Just revise the paper you wrote for me last time. The Historical Conversations Project Draft #1 is uploaded below. For each evidence you provided in the paper last time, please give specific in-text citations. For example, “This requires employers to involve them in setting working hours, wages and sticking to the plan. It is illegal to unfairly dismiss nannies without their respective wages or making unaccounted deductions (Wu, 2016)” you wrote should have a in-text citation by it. This time please use images, graphs, diagrams, and statistics as evidences as well to make the usage of evidences become multi-modal. I will upload all sources that you probably will need. The primary sources should be used as texts from three articles. You can get graphical and secondary sources from these two articles https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreport…. and https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13621…I also upload two sample essays to help you follow the format. Also take a look of the Evaluative Criteria of the paper. Please focus on the section “Evidence, Information Literacy” when you are revising the paper. “A rich source of global comparative data on the vital relationship between
the scope of domestic worker legislation and populations across very
diverse national contexts.”
Jennifer N. Fish,
Old Dominion University and WIEGO
(Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing)
“This book is highly innovative… (It) will help policy-makers and social
partners alike to make labour law more favourable for domestic workers.”
Lisa-Marie Heimeshoff and Helen Schwenken,
University of Kassel
For more information:
Phone: (+41 22) 799 67 54
Fax: (+41 22) 799 84 51
E-mail: travail@ilo.org
www.ilo.org/domesticworkers
Conditions of Work and Employment
Branch (TRAVAIL)
International Labour Office
Route des Morillons 4
CH-1211 Geneva 22
Switzerland
Domestic workers across the world:
Global and regional statistics
and the extent of legal protection
Domestic workers across the world:
Global and regional statistics
and the extent of legal protection
Domestic workers
across the world:
Global and regional statistics
and the extent of legal protection
International Labour Office?? Geneva
Copyright © International Labour Organization 2013
First published 2013
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Domestic workers across the world: global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection / International Labour
Office – Geneva: ILO, 2013
146 p.
International Labour Office;
domestic worker / employment / data collecting / definition / methodology / working conditions / labour legislation /
comment / developed countries / developing countries
13.11.6
ISBN 978-92-2-125273-3 (print)
ISBN 978-92-2-125274-0 (web pdf)

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Preface
Enhancing our knowledge on domestic work lays a solid basis for action that can make
a difference in the lives of domestic workers. For too long, this group – a large majority
of whom are women – has remained outside the realm of policy-making on social and
labour issues, and has largely been confined to the informal economy. Since they work
behind the closed doors of private households, domestic workers are shielded from
public view and attention, and are often hard to reach by conventional policy tools.
However, this should not be used as a convenient excuse for inaction. In the words of
the ILO’s Director-General, “[t]he ILO’s mandate requires it to reach out to those who
are most vulnerable, who face great insecurity and for whom the denial of social justice
is most cruel”. Numbering at least 53 million, domestic workers are one group of workers that deserve our attention.
In an unprecedented manner, this report attempts to capture the size of the
domestic work sector and the extent of legal protection enjoyed by domestic workers
on the basis of a verifiable and replicable methodology. Its findings contribute to overcoming the invisibility of domestic workers and carry a powerful message: domestic
work represents a significant share of global wage employment, but domestic workers
remain to a large extent excluded from the scope of labour laws and hence from legal
protection enjoyed by other workers. Marginalization and exclusion is a theme that
runs through the findings of this report. For instance – more than half of all domestic
workers have no statutory limitation of their weekly working hours, more than two
out of five are not entitled to be paid a minimum wage, and more than a third have no
right to take maternity leave. From a human rights and gender equality perspective,
this is inacceptable.
The Domestic Workers Convention (No. 189) and the accompanying Recommendation (No. 201), both adopted in 2011, offer a historic opportunity to make decent
work a reality for domestic workers worldwide. Addressing exclusions from working
conditions laws is an important focus in this regard and the statistics presented here
set a benchmark against which future progress can be measured. As documented in
this volume, extending labour law coverage to domestic workers is indeed feasible and
many countries have already done so in the past. Since the adoption of Convention
No. 189 and Recommendation No. 201, many countries have embarked on the ratification process and have pursued new legislative and policy reforms guided by these
instruments, which is encouraging.
This report is the outcome of collaboration between lawyers, statisticians and
working conditions specialists, and between many different units from within the ILO.
It clearly shows the value of an integrated perspective. It is part of a broader effort by
the ILO to support the tripartite constituents – governments and workers’ and employers’ organizations – under its Global strategy for action on decent work for domestic
vi
Domestic workers across the world
workers. It is hoped the report, and other tools available through the global web-portal
on domestic work (www.ilo.org/domesticworkers), will usefully assist ILO constituents and partners in their efforts to secure social justice and decent work for domestic
workers across the world.
Philippe Marcadent
Chief,
Conditions of Work and Employment Branch
(TRAVAIL)
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
List of boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
Chapter 1.??Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Part I.?? Global and regional statistics 5
Chapter 2.?? Definitions, sources and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Definition of domestic workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Methodology for global and regional estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Chapter 3.?? Global and regional estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Global overview: Domestic workers across the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Trends from 1995 to 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Asia and the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Developed countries, Eastern Europe and CIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Summary: Rising employment in a vulnerable sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Part II.?? The extent of legal protection 41
Chapter 4.?? National labour legislation and domestic workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
New international instruments for the protection of domestic workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
viii
Domestic workers across the world
Exclusion of domestic workers from legal protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Methodology for the legal coverage estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
The scope of national labour legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Chapter 5.?? Working time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
Domestic workers: Working day and night? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
Current working time regulation for domestic workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
– Normal weekly hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
– Weekly rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
– Paid annual leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Chapter 6.?? Minimum wages and in-kind payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Wages of domestic workers and reasons for low pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Minimum wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
In-kind payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
Chapter 7.?? Maternity protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
Maternity leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
Maternity cash benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
Other elements of maternity protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
Conclusions and points for consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
Chapter 8.?? Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
Appendices
Appendix I:?? Methodology for global and regional estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107
a)
Concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107
b)
Global and regional estimates on the number of persons employed
as domestic workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
– Census approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
– Estimation of country-level statistical data for 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
– Treatment of non-response for statistical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
– Estimating routine for global and regional estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
108
108
110
111
113
Contents
c)
ix
Estimates on the coverage of domestic workers by key working conditions laws . . . .
114
– Treatment of non-response and estimation routine for legal coverage estimates . .
115
Appendix II:?? National source statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
Appendix III:?????Coverage of domestic workers under national legislation . . . . . . . .
131
List of figures
Figure 3.1
Distribution of domestic workers by sex and region, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Figure 3.2
Total employment and employment of domestic workers in Spain,
1995–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Coverage of domestic workers by national labour legislation
across the world, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Average hours of work for domestic workers, per week
(latest available year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Limitation of normal weekly hours of work for domestic workers
under national legislation, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Entitlement to weekly rest (at least 24 consecutive hours)
for domestic workers under national legislation, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Entitlement to annual leave for domestic workers
under national legislation, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Average wages of domestic workers, in per cent of average wages
for all paid employees (latest available year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Member organizations of the International Domestic Workers’ Network
(IDWN), May 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Trends in real minimum wages and real average wages
of domestic workers in Brazil, 1995–2011 (in constant 2010 BRL) . . . . . .
74
Figure 6.4
Minimum wage coverage for domestic workers, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Figure 6.5
Permissible in-kind payments of minimum wages, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
Figure 7.1
Entitlement to maternity leave for domestic workers
under national legislation, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
Entitlement to maternity cash benefits for domestic workers
under national legislation, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
Figure 4.1
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 7.2
x
Domestic workers across the world
List of tables
Table 2.1
Coverage of the ILO’s statistical database on domestic workers, 2010 . . .
12
Table 2.2
India: Employment by industry subcategories and sex, 2004/05
(NIC 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Global and regional estimates on the number of domestic workers
in 2010, by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Table 3.2
Estimates of number of children in domestic work by age and sex, 2008 .
22
Table 3.3
Global and regional estimates on the number of domestic workers
in 1995 and 2010, by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Coverage of the combined statistical and legal database on domestic
workers, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
How to count domestic workers? Alternative approaches to identifying
domestic workers in household surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Box 2.2
India: 2.5 or 90 million domestic workers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Box 3.1
Measuring child domestic work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Box 4.1
Severe forms of exploitation and forced domestic labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Box 6.1
Towards strong and effective domestic workers’ organizations . . . . . . . . .
71
Box 6.2
Minimum wage increases and domestic workers in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Box 6.3
The Wages Commission for Domestic Workers in Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Table 3.1
Table 4.1
List of boxes
Box 2.1
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the Conditions of Work and Employment Branch
(TRAVAIL) of the ILO Social Protection Sector with contributions from other technical units at the ILO’s Geneva headquarters and many field offices. Work on the report
was coordinated by Malte Luebker, who is also its principal author. Yamila Simonovsky
(co-author) was responsible for compiling data from national sources into the statistical
database that underlies the estimates presented in this report. Martin Oelz (co-author)
advised on all legal questions and oversaw the coding of legal information, which was
carried out by Andres Nunes Chiab, Dimity Leahy and Raul Maldonado Zafra.
In addition, this report heavily relies on contributions (some of which have been
previously published in various policy briefs) from Laura Addati and Lindsay Tina
Cheong (maternity protection), Amanda Aikman (forced labour), Uma Amara Rani
(India), Janine Berg (minimum wages in Brazil), Yacouba Diallo (child domestic
work), Miranda Fajerman (pay equity), Claire Hobden (domestic workers’ organizations) and Amelita King-Dejardin (working time). Monica Castillo (Department of
Statistics) advised on statistical definitions and the estimation methodology. Numerous
counterparts in National Statistical Offices provided data and detailed information on
sources. Steven Kapsos and Evangelia Bourmpoula shared data from the ILO’s Global
Employment Trends (GET) model, and Bolívar Pino and Rigoberto García extracted
wage data from the ILO/SIALC database.
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