Shadows Conflict and Mediator Transformational Leadership Article Essay CASIMIR, Here you go :) if you’re game! Sorry this is so short notice. This new gu

Shadows Conflict and Mediator Transformational Leadership Article Essay CASIMIR, Here you go 🙂 if you’re game!

Sorry this is so short notice. This new guy doesn’t even have a syllabus out yet.

Read the following article:

McGuigan, R. (). Shadows, conflict, and the mediator. Conflict Resolution Quarterly

-Watch (as class) Developing your shadow.

-Prepare response essay to the concept of the shadow.

-Some questions to consider:

What is a ‘shadow’? What is projection?
Can we ever be neutral?
In a professional or personal situation practice ‘action inquiry’ – what did you learn?
What is transformational learning? crq263_08_349-364.qxd
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Shadows, Conflict, and the Mediator
Richard MCGuigan
This article discusses a theory of mediator psychological growth specifically focusing on Carl Jung’s concept (1954) of the Shadow. The nature
and development of the Shadow are outlined, with particular attention
to the mechanism of projection, applied to the perspectives of both the
individual and the group. The importance of the mediator uncovering
and owning his or her Shadow material is underscored, along with
some strategies for doing so. This article responds to Bowling and
Hoffman’s third stage of mediator development (2003), where the
mediator is committed to gaining greater awareness of how personal
qualities influence the mediation process.
I
n the days and weeks following September 11, 2001, President Bush
defined the war of terrorism with his now famous statement that “you’re
either for us or against us.” This statement could be translated into
“You’re either one of the good guys or one of the bad guys,” or “You’re either
good or you’re evil.” As most mediators know, conflict is rarely this simple,
and statements such as these often betray the psychological complexity of
many conflicts. It is hard to interpret some conflicts and undertake effective
action because we are often drawing on unidentified and repressed psychological material and actively using it to restructure or make sense of the conflict according to our own perspective. This article contends that when we
are strongly repulsed by another’s beliefs or actions, or when we tenaciously
align ourselves with one party and not the other in a conflict, we may be in
the presence of what Carl Jung characterized as the Shadow. This notion
also has implications for mediators who, in certain situations, find themselves easily working with some disputants and reacting negatively to others.
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I begin with a brief discussion of the impact of the intervener, introduce Carl Jung, move to a description of the characteristics of a Shadow
and its partner projection, and then outline a method for meeting and
owning your Shadow, discussing implications and offering concluding
remarks. There are two tasks to keep in mind as you read. First, as I
describe different features of the Shadow, reflect on how you might interpret this concept in your own personal life. Second, look for applications in
your professional practice through an expanded understanding of how conflict is created and resolved and what your role is in the process. Throughout the article, you will find “reflection questions” intended to bridge the
concepts presented in this article with your personal and professional lives.
The Impact of the Intervener
The conflict literature, training manuals, and education programs abound
with such terms as “third party neutral” or the “neutrality of the mediator.”
Annexed from the physical sciences, these terms locate the mediator outside the intervention process, maintaining an artificial boundary between
him or her and the disputants. This view assumes that the intervener’s own
psychological makeup does not significantly affect the mediation or its outcomes. Nothing, however, could be further from the truth than this longstanding fiction; the intervener’s fingerprints are apparent throughout the
intervention process from beginning to end. The myth of intervener neutrality is promoted by those practitioners in the conflict resolution field
who believe in the existence of an objective conflict reality that we simply
describe, without contributing to its character or interpretation.
Mediators are inevitably called on to create a relationship with the parties
involved in a dispute. Yet our personal qualities and sense of self influence the
nature of this relationship and have an impact on the parties’ ability to negotiate effectively with one another (Goodenough, 2000). Following this
thread, Bowling and Hoffman (2003) note that even the subtlest aspects
of the intervener’s presence influence the choreography of an intervention
process. Dispensing with the modernist ideal of an objective and neutral
facilitator, they pose critical questions that all interveners should reflect on:
• I, as the mediator, am about to become a part of this conflict. How
are the others involved reacting to me?
• How do I generally react to this kind of conflict in my own life?
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• What qualities am I bringing into the midst of this conflict that will
support its resolution?
Bowling and Hoffman (2003) highlight the need for a critical understanding of the intervention process, one taking into account how the
mediator contributes to it. He or she constructs a story of the dispute that
reflects not only what the disputants say but also the meanings ascribed to
their words and behavior. Thus, the authors emphasize, the personal qualities of the mediator affect his or her ability to reconstruct an understanding of the disputants’ accounts of the conflict.
Bowling and Hoffman are not alone in their analysis; Hermann,
Hollet, Eaker, and Gale (2003) note that gender and professional orientation influence mediation outcomes. Von Glaserfeld (1995; in Hermann,
Hollet, Eaker, and Gale, 2003) notes that we construct our social world
through our meanings and understandings. Bartenuk, Kolb, and Lewicki
(1992; in Hermann, Hollet, Eaker, and Gale, 2003) emphasize the extent
to which the interpretive frameworks used by mediators to make sense of a
conflict affect the dispute resolution process. Challenging the myth of the
mediator as a neutral third party, they point to a growing body of literature
that suggests mediators do influence the flow and shape of problem solving.
Bowling and Hoffman (2003) outline three stages of intervener development. In the first stage, mediators focus on developing techniques such
as active listening, reframing, and helping parties generate options; in the
second stage, the mediator works toward developing a deeper understanding of why and how mediation operates. Finally, in the third stage the
mediator develops a growing awareness of how her or his own qualities
influence the mediation process. Bowling and Hoffman emphasize that in
the third stage the mediator learns to take responsibility for her or his personal growth. This article is written for those mediators who have attained
this level of understanding, those courageous enough to undertake the perilous journey into the underworld of their personal unconscious; it is for
those practitioners who are willing to meet and integrate abandoned
aspects of their psychological self—their Shadow.
Carl Jung
Carl Jung was Sigmund Freud’s student, colleague, friend, and later foe.
Although Jung expended a great deal of energy attempting to integrate his
research with Freud’s, his conceptualization of the unconscious differed
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substantially from that of his teacher (Woodruff, 1996). Jung came to
understand the unconscious as the other half of the self; it was the key to
wholeness and, potentially, the guiding principle of life (Jung, 1954).
Jung’s approach to therapy was not so much focused as Freud’s was on
“fixing up” people’s neuroses; rather, he held that, by turning their attention to the unconscious, they could begin to relate to the numinous—a
term that refers to the spiritual dimensions of our lives. He wrote that “this
approach to the numinous is the real therapy, and insomuch as you attain
the numinous, you are released from the curse of pathology” (1973a,
p. 377). In Jungian psychology the ego is the center of consciousness, while
the self is the center of the total personality, which includes the unconscious and the ego.
In simple terms, Jung understood the psyche to be made up of three
layers (there are also many sublayers that are beyond the scope of this discussion). First, the top layer comprises the ego and the persona, the public
face that embodies our social role and mediates between the ego and society. Second, underlying the first layer is the personal unconscious, which
contains drives and desires, forgotten memories, and painful ideas that
remain hidden from consciousness. Jung referred to this as the superficial
layer of the unconscious. Finally, the deepest and most extensive area of the
psyche is the collective unconscious, a point of contact between the individual and transpersonal life forces. The individual is affected by historical and
cultural developments and in turn contributes to the collective unconscious of the group, culture, and world (Woodruff, 1996). This investigation of the mediator’s role focuses on the Shadow, a major aspect of the
personal unconscious that is fundamental to adequately understanding
what the mediator brings to a conflict situation.
I recognize that there are many interpretations of Jung’s work, including
his discussion of the Shadow. For instance, there is some confusion in the
literature as to whether the Shadow relates only to the personal unconscious
or can sometimes operate in the collective sphere (McLynn, 1996). However, my intention is to apply key aspects of the Shadow concept to conflict
resolution practice; it is not to debate the wider issues of Jungian theory.
The Shadow
The Jungian concept of the Shadow refers to the dark, covert, repressed
side of the ego complex; it is the unlit side of our personality, a mythical
name for all within us which we cannot directly know. It is the long bag
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that we drag behind us, heavy with the parts of ourselves that our parents, friends, and community disapproved of (Bly, 1989). To help us
understand the nature of the Shadow, Bly asks us to visualize a two-yearold child with the potential for a full, 360-degree personality, who, in order
to keep the love of parents, family, and friends, attempts over time to disown those qualities that others refuse to accept in him or her. As a consequence, degree by degree, aspects of the child’s potential become
disconnected from the ego and are stuffed into this bag of submerged and
hidden attributes. Children quickly learn that they can best survive by presenting a bright and shining face to their parents, hiding those instinctive
urges, feelings, and thoughts that they are told are unacceptable. Although
we may have repressed this material, it remains very much alive within us,
struggling for attention and acknowledgment. We spend the first twenty
years of life stuffing parts of ourselves into the bag, and then we spend the
rest of our lives trying to get them out again (Bly, 1989).
Your persona mediates between the ego and the outer world and
anchors the everyday, conscious image you present to others; it is a compromise between the individual’s and society’s visions of what a person
should be and, consequently, represents only a portion of everything that
each of us really is. There are people who really do believe they are the role
that they play—under intense social pressure the ego can identify with the
persona, although there is a cost to be paid for this neurotic inflation
(McLynn, 1996).
Rejected and censured by the surrounding world, the balance of who we
are remains in the unconscious, in the shadows, hungry, restless, and waiting to be acknowledged. We are light and darkness, both sides of Robert
Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The more pleasant, light side is
our daily persona, Dr. Jekyll, but it is balanced by a darker, night-time self,
a Mr. Hyde, who remains hidden most of the time. The negative emotions
that we experience—rage, jealousy, shame, resentment, lust, greed, and
murderous tendencies—lie concealed just beneath the surface, masked by
our public persona. We are more likely to engage in destructive behaviors
and impulses if we remain unaware of our Shadows. Awareness brings the
possibility of acceptance and integration, thereby supporting our psychological growth. For the most part, our personal Shadow remains untamed
and unexplored territory for most of us. We have banished into Shadow all
of the feelings and capacities that are rejected by our ego, thus contributing
to the hidden power of the dark side of our personality (Abrams and Zweig,
1991). The Shadow is a hidden, inferior personality, a secondary personality
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(Miller, 2001), with its own contents, autonomous thoughts, ideas, images,
and value judgments that are similar to the superior, conscious personality.
The Shadow is the trait, thought, or thing that a person has no wish to be
(Jung, 1954). One of the aims of Jungian therapy is to bring both the
Shadow and the persona to consciousness so that they can be integrated
(McLynn, 1996). Although we might think that the Shadow is only negative, this is not always true. As discussed later in this article, “golden
Shadow” refers to the repressed positive qualities or attributes that we may
wish to integrate into our personality.
Reflection Question
• Consider what your virtues are. Where does the opposite of your
virtues manifest in your life (adapted from Hollis, 2003)?
Projection
One way we can expose our Shadow is by taking note of when we react
intensely to a behavior or quality, such as laziness or stupidity that we
attribute to an individual or a group. The Shadow is not necessarily always
equated with strong feelings; rather, it is uncovered through critical reflection on the potential relationship between certain types of situations and
people in them, to the strong feelings experienced by the intervener. This
reflective practice helps to distinguish between the healthy judgment of a
situation or person and the presence of Shadow aspects of ourselves.
When our reactions overpower us with great disgust or high regard, this
may be our own Shadow showing. Projection is the unconscious transfer of
one’s own conflicting, dark part-personalities onto another person. We
project by attributing a quality to someone else in an unconscious effort to
banish it from ourselves, to keep ourselves from seeing it within (Casement,
2003). Projection is the unconscious referencing of impulses and feelings
to people and objects outside of ourselves (Jung, 1973b). Jung thought of
projection as a psychological adjustment mechanism where the “in here”
becomes “out there”; it is the process whereby an individual blurs the distinction between subjective and objective experience (Harms, 1946). It is
our propensity to see in others what we least like to see in ourselves. Anything we are unwilling or unable to face within ourselves we then run the
risk of running into head on in the world (Kopp, 1980). Projection can
also be thought of as a way of connecting with the world, for by shooting
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a magic arrow toward an intended receiver we discover in others lost fragments of ourselves (von Franz, 1980).
In their article “Running from the Shadow: Psychological Distancing
from Others to Deny Characteristics People Fear in Themselves,” Schimel,
Greenberg, Arndt, Pyszczynski, and O’Mahen (2000) describe another
psychological response to shadow activity whereby people actively defend
themselves against their shadow through a process they describe as psychological distancing, whereby the individual denies the potential for the
behavior or characteristic he or she despises or is repulsed by. When we see
ourselves as different from those who harbor characteristics we fear in ourselves, we deny our potential for the dreaded characteristic—enabling us to
say “I would never do that sort of thing; I am not like them.”
In an unguarded moment during the mediation process, the mediator’s
hidden self may appear. Like an illegitimate child seeking the denying parent’s approval, your usually disowned self moves to the outside to claim its
rightful place in your life, surfacing suddenly in one of your sessions
(Kopp, 1980). During the dispute resolution process, the mediator may
encounter in the disputants something she or he has denied within herself
or himself; negative feelings that the mediator’s conscious self holds toward
the hidden self have been projected onto one of the disputants, and,
because the Shadow is unconscious and unfamiliar, it is often projected in
a distorted way.
Reflection Questions
• What repulses you about some of the stories that your clients tell
you?
• What really annoys you about some of the clients that you work
with?
• Which of your colleagues do you idolize or strongly align your
thinking and practice with?
Collective Shadow and Projection
Shadows are not restricted to the individual; there are collective Shadows as
well. Many aspects of our personal Shadows have been defined by the values of a group to which we belong and with which we identify. In our work
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settings, families, or religious communities there are specific, unacceptable
behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs we attribute to another group, so that we can
tell ourselves, “We don’t do that kind of thing; they do.” These are the hidden aspects of the self that are stored away in a collective Shadow and subsequently projected onto others, sometimes with devastating results
(Kopp, 1980).
A nation’s collective Shadow material may be acted out brutally in
repression, war, massacre, or genocide, or it may also appear as missionary
work that seeks to “civilize” the natives, as in Canada’s residential schools
and reserve allocation systems (Kremer and Rothberg, 1999). Early settlers
in Canada often saw First Nation people as savages; they were seen as inferior and dirty. The Puritans, believing that God was paving the way
for them to settle the land, infected Native Americans with diseases that
killed them (Miller, 2001). Ongoing dismal socioeconomic conditions and
a shorter life span for Canada’s First Nations people are a continuing testament to the power of our collective Shadow.
It is often those living at the margins of society, the underprivileged and
the oppressed, on whom we project our collective Shadow (Hillman,
1962). In projecting, the group exonerates itself by denying the evil, greed,
intolerance, and filth that may exist within its collective Shadow. As long as
we band together to repress our unacknowledged Shadow energy, we will
treat other individuals, groups, and nations brutally, operating under the
illusion that we are ridding the world of evil, when in fact we are the source
of that evil (Ogren, 1998).
If we are curious about what is in our collective Shadow or “state bag,”
we need only listen closely to the language of today’s leaders as they
describe fighting the war on terrorism, goodness winning over evil, right
prevailing over wrong (Bly, 1989). We search for the goodness in ourselves
by finding the evil in others, and through projection we can justify taking
actions that might otherwise be against our principles, while holding in
contempt those who try to apply the same principles to us in return. Perhaps one of o…
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