Rutgers University Non verbal Communication in a Restaurant Paper The goal of the second paper is to apply what we’ve learned about communication to real l

Rutgers University Non verbal Communication in a Restaurant Paper The goal of the second paper is to apply what we’ve learned about communication to real life scenarios, and continues to familiarize us with University resources. This paper should be no longer than four pages.Pick a communication phenomenon discussed in class (nonverbal, mediated, interpersonal, organizational or health communication) and identify one empirical article that investigates that phenomenon. Explain why you picked this communication phenomenon and this article, and summarize the article. Please, include the APA reference of the article at the end of the paper.Papers should be clearly written, follow basic standards of academic argumentation, and written in APA style and format. Running head: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Non-verbal Communication
Name
Institutional Affiliation
1
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
2
Non-verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication is an important aspect of communication in everyday life.
According to Jiri Voves, in his article on Non-verbal Communication, over 90% of human
communication utilizes body language, which is one example of non-verbal communication.
Accordingly, he defines non-verbal communication as the process through which human beings
send messages to one another via other means other than words like gestures, behavior, facial
expressions, and tone of voice, among others. Therefore, it is pertinent that one pays extra special
attention to understand human body language as well as other aspects of non-verbal
communication to facilitate easy communication with others. By doing so, unnecessary
misunderstandings will be avoided.
Focusing on behavior during conversations is necessary to understanding body language
and other non-verbal communication cues. No matter where one is, what one is doing, or the
specific time of the day, the human body sends signals. While an individual can lie through words,
the body does not know how to lie. The human body cannot be turned off. Normally, opinions
concerning others are formulated from words spoken by the individual as well as through their
body language. Such explains why it is possible to develop a liking on a person even though you
may have never spoken to them. The liking opinion emanates from the body signals received from
that person. The article discusses the various non-verbal communication cues ranging from
gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body postures, body movements, tonal variation, to one’s
dressing mode.
Accordingly, non-verbal communication increases rapidly in instances where one is faced
with a different culture. Such cases require one to apply the use of hand gestures to supplement his
or her vocabulary, especially when not conversant with the local language. Notably, one should be
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
3
careful in such circumstances since body language is interpreted differently in different cultures.
For example, Southern Europe countries express themselves through the use of excessive body
language while other countries like Japan body language is mostly hidden.
A discussion by Kaori Nakazato, puts forth information concerning facial expressions and
how they are used to convey messages among people. When one looks at another person’s face,
he or she can read their thoughts and feelings. Human emotions can be communicated through
smiles, frowns, raised eyebrows, yawn, or sneer. The large volume of information can be
transmitted through the area around the eyes and mouth. Recipients of messages in an interaction
constantly observe changes in facial expressions. In such a case, the way such facial expressions
are interpreted, to a greater extent, depends on the receiver’s emotional state. Accordingly, the
author argues that facial features also influence how facial expressions are interpreted.
Interestingly, an individual’s personality can be determined through their faces. For
example, a person with a curved mouth is likely to be considered as a friendly person, whereas the
one with a frowning face may be seen as not friendly and arrogant. Human emotions can be faked,
concealed, or displayed through facial expressions. It is common for any person, anytime
throughout the day, to consciously or subconsciously make facial expressions. It is common for
people to pretend to be liking something when indeed deep down their hearts they know they are
not interested. Since human beings like establishing good relationships with one another, it is
common to fake their facial expressions. However, since humans do not have control over nonverbal communications, recipients often rely on facial expressions as it is more truthful and reflect
the communicator’s emotional state effectively.
Moreover, the article discusses eye contact as another non-verbal communication cue. The
old saying that eyes are a reflection of one’s inner self is true to a greater extent. There are a lot of
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
4
meanings attached to eye contact. When an individual is defiant or angry, he or she will have a
glaring look while when one sees an unusual thing about the other person, he or she will stare.
However, staring can be considered as rudeness in cases where it is obtrusive.
Additionally, glazing at someone can be indicative of being hopelessly in love with the
person or be perceived as a direct look when people are talking or trying to make a point. At every
level of communication, human beings use eye contact to communicate with others. It is common
for individuals to avoid eye contact, especially when hiding something from the other person. To
detect whether one is telling the truth or not, the police always apply eye contact since unless one
is an accomplished liar, he or she will feel uneasy lying. However, avoiding eye contact does not
insinuate only at lying; it is also indicative of one being shy. Shy people combine this feature with
slight stammering and sometimes blushing. Notably, when communicating with one another, eyes
are reflective of one’s sincerity, integrity, and comfortability. As such, having good eye contact
during communication is indicative of how well the conversation has been. During presentations,
eye contact indicates that recipients are alert while the speakers are considered to be confident.
Consequently, the article also discusses how greetings can be regarded as a form of nonverbal communication. When people meet each other, the first activity that takes place is greetings.
Accordingly, the text argues that different countries have different ways of greeting, and such
greetings may express different meanings. Different cultures have different forms of greetings
which might be interpreted wrongly by an outsider. While some greetings are consistent across
cultures, it should be noted that if you do not speak the local language, you may be puzzled at
others’ forms of greetings. The most common form of greeting that is non-verbal is through a
handshake. For example, as the article illustrates, it is common to find the Belgium-French people
kissing one another on the cheek as a way of greeting one another. Funny enough, French men
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
5
kiss fellow men on the cheek even those considered strangers as a way of greetings. In other
cultures, a man kissing another man on the cheek may be indicative of homosexuality. Therefore,
one should be careful about the form of body language to apply as a form of greeting.
Wordless messages are one of the ways through which people communicate with one
another. Non-verbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact, among
others. Such forms of communication vary from one culture to another; hence, it is pertinent for
one to lay low, especially when visiting new places since non-verbal communication methods are
interpreted differently. It is possible to find a diversity of gestures and facial expressions among
other non-verbal cues when exploring intercultural communication. For example, in some cultures,
it is considered as an act of insolence when a young person maintains eye contact with his or her
elders while in others, it is considered as a show of attentiveness. It is worth to note that paying
close attention to non-verbal cues is very pertinent whenever holding a conversation with one
another.
Rather than paying attention to words, since one can lie, it is advisable to be keen on the
speaker’s non-verbal communication aspects like facial expressions and gestures to get a better
understanding of what they truly mean. Body language does not lie. In conclusion, an important
aspect of every communication is to have a deeper knowledge concerning a given culture’s nonverbal communication cues. By doing so, however, one will avoid unintentionally offending the
other person. Therefore, it is advisable for one to engage in more intercultural communication as
one way through which one can gain more experience in non-verbal communication hence develop
a good sense for the right behavior. Always keep in mind that non-verbal communication is very
important in society.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
6
Reference
Voves, J., Nakazato, K., Muraoka, T., Egami, A., Cosentino, S., Sawayama, T., & Schorr, C.
(n.d.). Non-Verbal Communication. Retrieved from
http://www2.afs.or.jp/volex2005/nvcom.pdf
LAST CLASS
• Paradigm and Anomaly
• Evolution of Communication
• Models of Communication
Model
How Communication Works
Factors Explaining
Communication
Outcomes
Direction Flow
Aristotle
Speaker constructs messages that bring
about persuasive effects among listeners
Source and message
One-way
Laswell
Speaker constructs messages, selects ad
channel, and brings about a range of
effects among listeners
Source, message and
channel
One-way
Shannon and
Weaver
Source encodes messages and transmits
through channel to receiver
Source, message and
noise
One-way with feedback
Katz and
Lazarsfeld
Source encodes message and transmits
Channel, message,
information through mass media to opinion receiver and opinion
leaders who relay it to public
leader
One-way (mediated)
Westley and
MacLean
Source selectively encodes messages and
transmits information in modified form to
receiver who decodes, encodes and
transmits information in modified form to
other individual(s) with feedback at every
step
Circular (through feedback)
Receiver, meaning and
feedback
Model
How Communication Works
Factors Explaining
Communication
Outcomes
Direction Flow
Aristotle
Speaker constructs messages that bring
about persuasive effects among listeners
Source and message
One-way
Laswell
Speaker constructs messages, selects ad
channel, and brings about a range of
effects among listeners
Source, message and
channel
One-way
Shannon and
Weaver
Source encodes messages and transmits
through channel to receiver
Source, message and
noise
One-way with feedback
Katz and
Lazarsfeld
Source encodes message and transmits
Channel, message,
information through mass media to opinion receiver and opinion
leaders who relay it to public
leader
One-way (mediated)
Westley and
MacLean
Source selectively encodes messages and
transmits information in modified form to
receiver who decodes, encodes and
transmits information in modified form to
other individual(s) with feedback at every
step
Circular (through feedback)
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
Receiver, meaning and
feedback
EFFECT
MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION:
COMM 101 | JUNE 5
Prof. Welchen
MIDTERM
NEXT WEEK!
JUNE 12
CLASS OBJECTIVES
? Explore communication models that go beyond the sender ?
message ? receiver = effect model
? Compare human communication with animal communication
? Discuss the symbolic meaning of communication
? Explore nonverbal communication
CHAPTER 3
COMMUNICATION AS A BASIC LIFE PROCESS
Model
How Communication Works
Factors Explaining
Communication
Outcomes
Direction Flow
Aristotle
Speaker constructs messages that bring
about persuasive effects among listeners
Source and message
One-way
Laswell
Speaker constructs messages, selects ad
channel, and brings about a range of
effects among listeners
Source, message and
channel
One-way
Shannon and
Weaver
Source encodes messages and transmits
through channel to receiver
Source, message and
noise
One-way with feedback
Katz and
Lazarsfeld
Source encodes message and transmits
Channel, message,
information through mass media to opinion receiver and opinion
leaders who relay it to public
leader
One-way (mediated)
Westley and
MacLean
Source selectively encodes messages and
transmits information in modified form to
receiver who decodes, encodes and
transmits information in modified form to
other individual(s) with feedback at every
step
Circular (through feedback)
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
Receiver, meaning and
feedback
EFFECT
A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE ON COMMUNICATION:
the process through which living beings create, transform and
use information in order to relate to the environment and one
another
ANIMAL & HUMAN COMMUNICATION
? Open Systems: participating in continual give-and-take
transaction with the environment
? Communication is the essential life process through which
animals and humans create, acquire, transform and use
information to carry out the activities of their lives
COMMMUNICATION MODES
Visual
• Sight
• Significant source
of information for
humans and some
animals
• facial displays,
body movement,
distance/spacing,
etc.
Tactile
• Touch
• Physical contact
plays a critical
role in the
biological and
sociological
development of
humans and
animals
• Pressure, pain,
rubbing,
temperature
Olfactory and
Gustatory
• Smell and taste
• Used to relate to
the environment
and to one
another
• Odor, taste,
chemicals
Auditory
• Sound
• Perhaps the most
critical link to the
environment and
on another for
animals and
humans
• Whistling,
drumming,
vocalization
WHY DO WE COMMUNICATE?
Courtship & Mating
Reproduction
Parent-Child
Relations/Socialization
Navigation
Self-Defense
Territoriality
COMMUNICATION
ICERBERG
OBSERVABLE
• People
• Symbols
• Technology
• Most of the operations or
functions needed to
communicate are invisible
• Context is critical
UNOBSERVABLE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
Learning
Subjectivity
Negotiation
Culture
Interacting
Levels and
Contexts
Self-Reference
Self-Reflexivity
Ethics
Inevitability
OBSERVABLE
• People: messages senders and/or receivers
• Symbols: things that stand for something besides
themselves
• Technology: enable to accumulation and
transmission of information from person-to-person
and from one generation to the next
UNOBSERVABLE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
Learning
Subjectivity
Negotiation
Culture
Interacting Levels and Contexts
Self-Reference
Self-Reflexivity
Ethics
Inevitability
OBSERVABLE
• People: messages senders and/or receivers
• Symbols: things that stand for something besides
themselves
• Technology: enable to accumulation and
transmission of information from person-to-person
and from one generation to the next
UNOBSERVABLE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
Learning
Subjectivity
Negotiation
Culture
Interacting Levels and Contexts
Self-Reference
Self-Reflexivity
Ethics
Inevitability
PUBLIC POLICY
COMMUNITY
INSTITUTIONAL
INTERPERSONAL
INTRAPERSONAL
Adapted from McLeroy & Bibeau, 1988
18
OBSERVABLE
• People: messages senders and/or receivers
• Symbols: things that stand for something besides
themselves
• Technology: enable to accumulation and
transmission of information from person-to-person
and from one generation to the next
UNOBSERVABLE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
Learning
Subjectivity
Negotiation
Culture
Interacting Levels and Contexts
Self-Reference
Self-Reflexivity
Ethics
Inevitability
WE CANNOT NOT
COMMUNICATE
WATZLAWICK, BEAVIN & JACKSON, 1967
10 MIN BREAK!
CHAPTER 4
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Influenced by a
number of factors
Nonverbal
messages general
have several
potential meanings
The interpretation
of nonverbal
communication
depends on the
nonverbal messages
themselves and also
on the circumstances
and the observer
NONVERBAL VS. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Similarities
Differences
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rule-Governed
Intentionality
Common Message Functions
Persuasion and Social Influence
Awareness and Attention
Overt and Covert Rules
Control
Public vs. Private Status
Hemispheric Specialization
Paralanguage
The Face
The Body
Gestures (Kinesics)
Touch (Haptics)
Use of Space (Proxemics)
Time (Chronemics)
Messages and Meanings
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN NOVERBAL &
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Rule-Governed
Intentionality
• Producing nonverbal messages
• Interpreting nonverbal messages
• Nonverbal messages are subtle and often
unintentional
• Verbal messages are generally intentional and
conscious
Common Message Functions
Persuasion & Social Influence
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Using nonverbal behavior to appear authoritative,
credible or attractive
• Create positive impressions
• Build rapport/intimacy
• Enhance (or not) attention from verbal messages
• Encourage imitation
• Express (dis)approval
Redundancy
Substitution
Complementation
Emphasis
Contradiction
Regulation
NONVERBAL VS. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Similarities
Differences
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rule-Governed
Intentionality
Common Message Functions
Persuasion and Social Influence
Awareness and Attention
Overt and Covert Rules
Control
Public vs. Private Status
Hemispheric Specialization
Paralanguage
The Face
The Body
Gestures (Kinesics)
Touch (Haptics)
Use of Space (Proxemics)
Time (Chronemics)
Messages and Meanings
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOVERBAL &
VERBAL COMMUNICATION (1/5)
Awareness and Attention
Overt and Covert Rules
Control
• Verbal communication receives more
formal attention
• Verbal communication is seen as a
“basic skill”
• There are overt rules in verbal
communication
• Nonverbal communication is learned
overtly and through observation
• It’s generally easier to control verbal
messages than nonverbal messages
Public vs. Private Status
Hemispheric Specialization
• Verbal communication is public and
can be scrutinized
• Nonverbal communication is private
and taboo
• Left hemisphere plays a predominant
role in verbal communication and
information processing
• Right hemisphere is often where
integration, creativity, or imagination
are involved
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOVERBAL &
VERBAL COMMUNICATION (2/5)
Paralanguage
The Face
• Vocalic Forms: auditory
messages, other than words,
created in the process of
speaking
• Written Forms: generalized
influences as to how
educated, careful, respectful
or serious a person is
• Eye Gaze
• Regulates an interaction
• Distance, physical
characteristics, personality,
topic, situation and cultural
background
• Cultural differences
• Pupil Dilation
THE BODY
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOVERBAL &
VERBAL COMMUNICATION (3/5)
The Body
Hair
Physique
• Style
• Length
• Color
• Body type, size
and shape
• Endomorph
• Mesomorph
• Ectomorph
Dress and
Adornment
• Occupational,
Social, and
Religious and
Cultural Badges
Artifacts
• Financial Resources
• Aesthetic
Preferences
• Personality
• Status
• Occupation
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOVERBAL &
VERBAL COMMUNICATION (4/5)
Gestures (Kinesics)
Inherited, Discovered, Imitated and Trained Types of Gestures
Actions
• Baton Signals and Guide Signs: emphasize verbal
• Inherited: inborn gestures like use of body contact
gestures when we’re interested in someone
• Discovered: actions that are modified/developed as
we identify the limitations and capabilities of our
bodies
• Imitation: actions unknowingly acquired from the
people around us
• Training: actions, like winking, walking or whistling
that require practice in order to master
•
•
•
•
communication and indicate directions to others
Yes/No Signals
Greeting and Salutation Displays
• Inconvenience Display
• Distant Display
Bonding or Tie Signs: gestures that indicate
individuals are in a relationship
Isolation Gestures
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOVERBAL &
VERBAL COMMUNICATION (5/5)
Touch (Haptics)
Use of Space (Proxemics)
• Informal greeting and gestures of departure
• Expressions of interest and intimacy, or
hostility and aggression
• A potential source of ambiguity and
discomfort
• Personal Space
• Physical Space
• Direct behavior
• Provide symbolic value
• Regulate interactions
…
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