Moore College of Art and Design Understand Basic Genetics and Then Covers the Cell Cycle & Mitosis & Meiosis Discussion This module introduces the core con

Moore College of Art and Design Understand Basic Genetics and Then Covers the Cell Cycle & Mitosis & Meiosis Discussion This module introduces the core concepts necessary to understand basic genetics and then covers the cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. To complete this unit you should do the following:

1. Download the Reading/Study guide for the unit. Read through the chapters in the text and work on answering as many of the study guide questions as possible.

2. Watch the videos in the sequence they are set up on the next page. Use the study guide to help take notes and continue to add to your study guide answers as you work through the videos.

3. Use the Steps in Mitosis & Meiosis worksheet to take notes based on the text and the videos. Then draw each of the stages in mitosis and meiosis and describe what happens at each step; you will need to know these steps for the next test.

** Note** You are expected to do your own work in this I will be using new test proctoring software to help identify cheating. Any communication with anyone else or any use of materials that have not been approved will result in a zero for the test or assignments and will require that you meet with the Dean of Students before I will be allowed to return to class.

book : https://d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net/oscms-prodcm… NAME:
BIOLOGY 130: (Unit 8) Reading/Study Guide
CHAPTERS 6 & 7: CELL CYCLE, MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
Read Concepts of Biology Chapters 6 & 7 and as you read, work on explaining the following terms and questions. Some of the questions
will come from your class lectures and videos.
Term
Definition
Cell cycle
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
interphase
Sister chromatids
Homologous pairs
diploid
haploid
Sex chromosome
Mitotic spindle
centriole
Metaphase plate
centromere
1
NAME:
karyotype
Somatic cell
autosome
Zygote
Locus
gametes
Answer the Following Questions:
1. What is the mechanism for cell division called in prokaryotic cells? Describe the process by which prokaryotic cells divide.
2.
Name and describe each of the steps that occur during each of the stages of the cell cycle.
2
NAME:
3. Use the space below to draw a series of pictures that represent each of the steps in mitosis. Show two sets of homologous chromosomes
and what happens to them in each step of the process.
4. Use the space below to draw a series of pictures that represent each of the steps in meiosis. Show two sets of homologous chromosomes
and what happens to them in each step of the process.
3
NAME:
5. Compare the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
6. Describe the process of genetic recombination that occurs during meiosis. What is the result of that process?
7. What is a karyotype? What types of information can be discovered by preparing a karyogram?
4
Two cells result
Four cells result
Increases genetic variation
of cells
One division process
Two division processes
DNA replication occurs in
Interphase
Produces gametes
Produces somatic cells
Occurs in eukaryotic cells
Occurs in prokaryotic cells
Somatic cells
Reproductive cells
Crossing over and
recombination
Produces genetically
identical cells
sexual reproduction
Homologous
chromosomes pair
sister chromatids separate
in anaphase
Asexual reproduction
Chromatin condenses into
visible structures
Haploid
Diploid
Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Directions: Place each word or phrase in the list on the left into either the circle for Mitosis or Meiosis or if
appropriate in the intersection of the two circles.
Mitosis
Tw
Meiosis
Both
Steps in Mitosis and Meiosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
G1: Cell grows, performs normal functions
S: DNA is replicated; sister chromatids remain joined at the centromere
G2: Cell stockpiles molecules required to complete the division process
DNA in the form of chromatin begins to condense into visible chromosomes
Nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate
Spindle fibers begin to form, originating at poles of the cell and joined to each sister chromatid
at the centromere
By the end of prophase, DNA is fully condensed and spindle fibers are formed
Chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibers and aligned across the equator of the cell
(metaphase plate)
sister chromatids are separated at the centromere and pulled to opposite poles of the cell by
spindle fibers
Chromsomes are enclosed in a new nuclear membrane; spindle fibers break down, DNA in
chromosomes returns to chromatin form
The cytoplasm of the cell divides in half
in plant cells, a cell plate form, dividing the cell in two
in animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell into two
End result is two, genetically identical daughter cells
Meiosis
Interphase
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis
Interphase 2
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis
G1: Cell grows, performs normal functions
S: DNA is replicated; sister chromatids remain joined at the centromere
G2: Cell stockpiles molecules required to complete the division process
DNA in the form of chromatin begins to condense into visible chromosomes
Nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate
Spindle fibers begin to form, originating at poles of the cell and joined to each sister chromatid
at the centromere
By the end of prophase, DNA is fully condensed and spindle fibers are formed
Homologous chromosomes are drawn together via synapsis and form structures called tetrads;
recombination occurs between homologous chromatids
Tetrads are pulled by the spindle fibers and aligned across the equator of the cell (metaphase
plate)
Tetrads are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers
Chromsomes are enclosed in a new nuclear membrane; spindle fibers break down, DNA in
chromosomes returns to chromatin form
The cytoplasm of the cell divides in half
in plant cells, a cell plate form, dividing the cell in two
in animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell into two
Cells recharge for a second round of division
DNA in the form of chromatin begins to condense into visible chromosomes
Nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate
Spindle fibers begin to form, originating at poles of the cell and joined to each sister chromatid
at the centromere
By the end of prophase, DNA is fully condensed and spindle fibers are formed
Chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibers and aligned across the equator of the cell
(metaphase plate)
Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers
Chromsomes are enclosed in a new nuclear membrane; spindle fibers break down, DNA in
chromosomes returns to chromatin form
The cytoplasm of the cell divides in half (same as previously described); end result is a total of
four, haploid reproductive cells
Directions: CFTR Proteins and
Mutations
This mini-unit is designed to help tie together the information that you have
learned in the last couple of modules to a real disease. In this case, cystic
fibrosis is clearly tied to proteins and their role in membranes. So this mini
unit will pull together ideas of protein synthesis and modification, along with
the role of proteins in membranes.
In addition, this unit will introduce the concept of mutations. There are over
2000 mutations that are known to exist in the CFTR gene, and many of
these, although not all, will cause Cystic Fibrosis as a disease if present in
the correct combinations.
Make sure that you also watch the videos that are linked within the PPT
slides; they have information that will help you understand these topics
more completely. There will be questions on the next test based on this
mini-unit, and you will be needing to understand this information in order to
complete the CFTR project that will be posted shortly.
There is not a specific quiz or study guide on this unit, but you should be
taking notes and know the content of this mini-unit.

Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis
The purpose of this unit it to provide an introduction to many of the basic
terms needed to understand genetics. In addition to the textbook
reading, a series of videos follows that will walk you through all of the
information that you need to learn about the background information that
will not only help you understand the cell division processes of mitosis and
meiosis, but also set you up for understanding the next unit on genetics.

The basic definition of terms in the video you just watched need to be well
understood in order for you to understand how to solve core genetics
problems.
Now, work through the next video to learn more about chromosomes and
how they can be used to understand the fundamental structures and how a
variety of genetic issues are tied to chromosomal aberrations. Although a
variety of tests occur that can indicate potential problems in fetuses prior to
birth, karyograms are still the most definitive way in which certain types of
genetic information can be gathered to determine with any certainty
whether unborn fetuses are at risk of certain types of genetic diseases.

The next two videos go through the details of the cell cycle and the steps of
mitosis and meiosis. You need to know this information for the next test. As
you look at the videos, you should compare each of the steps to the steps
listed on the handout that is included in this unit (take a look at that handout
before you start the next two videos).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsrH050wnIA&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5hA0WCv1lg&feature=youtu.be
THE CFTR PROTEIN AND
ITS MUTATIONS
2
CFTR PROTEIN
• What is the CFTR protein?
• Coded by the CFTR gene
• Review: Where is this gene located?
• How many nucleotides make up this gene?
• 1480 amino acids that fold into a protein located in the plasma
membrane
• Many more nucleotide basepairs than those that code for the 1480
amino acids
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/832627291
• The normal function of the CFTR protein is the transport of chloride
ions across the plasma membrane
CFTR PROTEIN
• Located on the surface of many
cells in the body
• Single chain of amino acids that are
grouped into 5 functional regions
(domains)
• Two transmembrane domains
(TMD1 & TMD2)
• Two cytoplasmic nucleotidebinding domains (NBD1 & NBD2)
• One regulatory domain
PRODUCTION OF THE NORMAL
CFTR PROTEIN
Watch a video on this process at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjQbxX1qgpE
5
MUTATIONS
• A change in the sequence of a DNA molecule may result in a change in
the amino acid sequence for a protein
• The change in DNA sequence is called a mutation
• If the mutation results in a change in amino acid sequence of the
protein, the protein may not function correctly
• Mutations are the basis for all variation in organisms and for what we
describe as genetic diseases in humans
• Mutations can occur in normal genes, changing or eliminating their
normal functions!
6
WHAT CAUSES MUTATIONS?
• Many reasons
• Some are replication errors
• Chemicals that damage DNA
• Radiation damage to DNA
• Ultraviolet
• Ionizing radiation
7
MUTATION EXAMPLE
Given an original DNA STRAND
TACAGTTTAACATCTACT
And a mutation occurs…
TACAGATTAACATCTACT
What is the effect on the peptide?
8
MUTATION EXAMPLE
Given an original DNA STRAND
TACAGTTTAACATCTACT
And a mutation occurs…
TACAATTTAACATCTACT
What is the effect on the peptide?
TYPES OF MUTATIONS
10
CFTR MUTATIONS
• Over 2500 different mutations in the CFTR gene have been discovered
so far
• Most of the mutations are either
• Single base substitutions or
• Small deletions
• Most common CFTR mutation is called F508del
• Deletion of three basepairs of CFTR gene which leads to loss of a
phenylalanine
• This mutation is present in approximately 70% of the people who have CF
• Not all of the 2500 mutations result in CF(about 400 do cause CF)
• About one in 31 Americans carries one mutated CF gene
CFTR MUTATION CLASSES

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