Bethel University Community Emergency Response Teams Discussion 1. Research the FEMA website Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT). What are the priori

Bethel University Community Emergency Response Teams Discussion 1. Research the FEMA website Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT). What are the priorities and goals of CERT? What is their purpose, and how can they be utilized?2. Research the current status of the ROPE and OND programs. Are they still in existence, and what is their status? Have they been effective?3. Research and discuss the case Bryan v McPherson. Do you agree with the conclusions of the court? Why or why not?** The minimum word requirement is a total of 1,200 words. The response should be supported with a minimum of three scholarly references as well as in-text citations, using proper APA format. (The references doesn’t count towards the word count!) 12
CHAPTER
Community Policing
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
M
I
L
E
S
,
AP Images/Northwest Florida Daily News, Nick Tomecek
OUTLINE
Corporate Strategies for Policing
The Philosophy of Community
Policing and Problem-Solving
Policing
Community Policing
Problem-Solving Policing
Successful Examples of
Community-Oriented Policing
Community Policing Today
Resident Officer Programs: The
Ultimate in Community Policing?
S
H
A
The Federal Government and
N
Community
Policing
The
Crime
Bill
N
Office of Community Oriented
OPolicing Services (COPS)
Some
N Accomplishments of
Community Policing
The Debate Continues on
1
Community
Policing
Homeland
Security and the Future
9
of Community Policing
0
9
T
S
• Define community
policing and problemsolving policing,
identifying the
philosophy behind these
practices and giving
examples of each.
• Discuss how the
community-policing
philosophy is best
exemplified in a police
department.
• Identify some of the
programs administered
and supported by the
Office of Community
Oriented Policing
Services (COPS) of the
U.S. Department of
Justice.
• Explain the opposing
viewpoints in the
debate on the success
and effectiveness of
community policing.
• Describe some of the
ways community policing
is being used or can be
used in the fight against
terror.
9781305724860, An Introduction to Policing, Eighth Edition, Dempsey/Forst – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
364
PART 3
POLICE OPERATIONS
INTRODUC TION
This chapter continues the discussion of relationships
between the police and the community that began in
Chapter 11 but deals with more philosophical and strategic issues about reducing crime and improving our
quality of life. It addresses the concepts of community
policing and problem-solving policing. Many consider
these to be new strategies, while others argue that
they are a return to the policing of the past. In 1988,
the scholar George L. Kelling stated,
A quiet revolution is reshaping American policing. Police in dozens of communities are returning to foot patrol. In many communities, police
M
are surveying citizens to learn what they believe
to be their most serious neighborhood problems.
I
Many police departments are finding alternatives
L
to rapidly responding to the majority of calls for
E
service. Many departments are targeting resources
on citizen fear of crime by concentrating on S
disorder. Organizing citizens’ groups has become a
,
priority in many departments. Increasingly, police
departments are looking for means to evaluate
themselves on their contribution to the qualitySof
neighborhood life, not just crime statistics. Are
H
such activities the business of policing? In a cre1
A
scendo, police are answering yes.
By 1998, 10 years later, many said the faceNof
policing had changed dramatically. Community policN
ing and problem-solving policing had proven to be
O
tremendously popular with some citizens, academics,
N
1
9
Corporate Strategies
0
for Policing
9
For several decades, police chiefs and academT
ics throughout the United States have discussed
S
changes in the traditional methods of policing and
have explored new ways of accomplishing the police
mission. Many of these strategies have been discussed in this text. Since the mid-1980s, Harvard
University’s prestigious John F. Kennedy School of
Government has held periodic meetings to discuss
politicians, and police chiefs. Many continue to believe
that community policing and problem-solving policing could be the best strategies to use in policing our
nation. These two ideas emphasize community involvement and the building of partnerships between the
police and the community. In many areas where community policing and problem-solving policing have
been implemented, crime rates have gone down, quality of life has improved, and people have felt safer.
Others, however, are not enthusiastic about this new
philosophy and argue about its definition and implementation. The discussion and study of community
policing continue.
This chapter is intended to present the facts, explore
the issues, and continue the debate. We will discuss
three corporate strategies for modern policing: strategic policing, community policing, and problem-solving
policing. We will also discuss the genesis and underlying philosophy of community policing and problemsolving policing and then provide some examples of
how these concepts can be translated into action.
The chapter will also cover the federal government
and its influence over community policing, including the 1994 Crime Bill and the Office of Community
Oriented Policing Services. We will present some
empirical and anecdotal evidence of the accomplishments of community policing but will also show how
some scholars and practitioners do not agree with
these policing strategies. It is hoped that by presenting
the issues and exploring them, we may continue the
process begun by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 of making
the police an essential part of life in the community.
the current state of policing in the United States.
These Executive Sessions on Policing are developed
and administered by the Kennedy School’s Program
in Criminal Justice Policy and Management. At
these sessions, leading police administrators and
academics gather at Harvard to debate the use and
costs of such practices as strategic policing, community policing, and problem-solving policing.
Beginning in 1988, Harvard and the National
Institute of Justice (NIJ) produced a series of
monographs that shaped the current state of police
thinking. These monographs discuss community
9781305724860, An Introduction to Policing, Eighth Edition, Dempsey/Forst – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
policing, problem-oriented policing, police values,
corporate strategies of policing, crime and policing,
policing and the fear of crime, the history of policing, police accountability, and drugs and the police.2
Harvard’s Executive Sessions on Policing have identified three corporate strategies that are presently
guiding U.S. policing: (1) strategic policing, (2) community policing, and (3) problem-solving policing.3
Strategic policing involves a continued reliance on traditional police operations, but with an
increased emphasis on crimes that are not generally well controlled by traditional policing (for
example, serial offenders, gangs, organized crime,
drug distribution networks, and white-collar crime,
and cybercrime). Strategic policing represents an
advanced stage of traditional policing using
Minnovative enforcement techniques, including intelligence
operations, electronic surveillance, andI sophisticated forensic techniques. Much of thisL
textbook,
particularly the chapters on police operations and
E
technology, deals with strategic policing issues.
Community policing is an attempt S
to involve
the community as an active partner with the police
, a true
in addressing crime problems. It involves
trusting partnership with the community and a willingness to accept and use input from the community.
S
Problem-solving policing emphasizes that
H probmany crimes are caused by underlying social
lems and attempts to deal with those underlying
A
problems rather than just responding to each criminal
N policincident. Problem-solving or problem-oriented
ing seeks to solve problems and have an outcome.
N
Community policing and problem-solving
policing are very similar approaches to O
the crime
and disorder problems in our communities.
N These
two philosophies or strategies tend to go hand-inhand: Most departments adopting a community
policing program also follow many of the1tenets of
problem-solving policing.
9
0
9
T
and
S
The Philosophy of
Community Policing
Problem-Solving Policing
In the 1960s, increases in crime, technological
advances, and changes in police management thinking led to the abandonment of police foot patrols
and their resultant ties to the community. Foot
365
© Steve Skjold/Alamy
CHAPTER 12 COMMUNITY POLICING
Getting out in the community and interacting
with residents in positive ways is a form of
community policing and serves to strengthen
the relationship between law enforcement
and the community.
patrols were replaced by highly mobile police officers who could drive from one incident to another
in minutes.
At the same time, many urban communities
were experiencing drastic demographic changes.
Longtime community residents were moving from
strategic policing Involves a continued reliance on traditional
policing operations.
community policing Philosophy of empowering citizens and
developing a partnership between the police and the community to work together to solve problems.
problem-solving policing Analyzing crime issues to determine the underlying problems and addressing those problems.
9781305724860, An Introduction to Policing, Eighth Edition, Dempsey/Forst – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
366
PART 3
POLICE OPERATIONS
the inner city to newly opened suburbs and being
replaced by newly arrived people from rural areas
and Caribbean and Latin American countries.
These people were not used to urban life in the
United States and the culture, norms, and mores
of their adopted neighborhoods. Often, there was a
language barrier between the immigrants and older
members of the community. These changes brought
severe social problems to our cities and, of course,
problems to our police. In addition, the heroin epidemic hit the United States in the 1960s, causing
crime, social disorganization, fear, and mistrust.
Recall the urban riots of the late 1960s described in
Chapter 1.
Many problems developed between the police
and the newly arrived residents as rapidly moving
M
police mobile units, with flashing lights and roaring
I
sirens, arrived in a community to answer someone’s
request for assistance or report of a crime. A lackLof
communication and mistrust often ensued because
E
of the police officers’ need to take quick action and
then return to more serious emergencies. The police
S
were no longer seen as members of the community,
,
as the old beat cops had been; they were increasingly
seen as an invading or occupying army. As a result,
many police departments began to establish comS
munity relations units to address problems between
H
themselves and the community. The units were part
of what was called the police-community relations
A
(PCR) movement.
N
Although the community relations units were
well intentioned, they did not work in reality. The
N
PCR units were supposed to address this comO
munication gap, but could not do this effectively
because they usually only appeared after an ugly
N
incident. The real responsibility for proper police–
community relations, as any experienced police
officer knows, rests with every police officer, 1
not
with a select, small group of community relations
9
officers. Today’s community policing is completely
different from the earlier PCR movement and
0
should not be confused with it.
9
Modern community policing, as compared with
the PCR movement, entails a substantial change
T
S
broken windows model Theory that unrepaired broken windows indicate to others that members of the community do
not care about the quality of life in the neighborhood and are
unlikely to get involved; consequently, disorder and crime will
thrive.
in police thinking. It expands the responsibility for fighting crime to the community as a whole
and, through a partnership with the community,
addresses the community’s concerns and underlying
problems that lead to crime. The police and community work toward the ultimate goal of reducing the
fear of crime as well as the crime rate.4
Many believe that the modern stage of community policing began with the seminal 1982 article
in the Atlantic Monthly by James Q. Wilson and
George L. Kelling, “‘Broken Windows’: The Police
and Neighborhood Safety.” Their theory has come
to be known as the broken windows model of
policing.5 Wilson and Kelling made several very
critical points. First, disorder in neighborhoods
creates fear. Urban streets that are often occupied
by homeless people, prostitutes, drug addicts,
youth gangs, and the mentally disturbed, as well as
regular citizens, are more likely to have high crime
rates than are other areas. Second, certain neighborhoods send out “signals” that encourage crime.
A community in which housing has deteriorated,
broken windows are left unrepaired, and disorderly
behavior is ignored may actually promote crime.
Honest and good citizens live in fear in these areas,
and predatory criminals are attracted. Third, community policing is essential. If police are to reduce
fear and combat crime in these areas, they must
rely on the cooperation of citizens for support and
assistance.
Wilson and Kelling argued that community
preservation, public safety, and order maintenance—
not crime fighting—should become the primary
focus of police patrol. From this concept, many
believe, the modern concept of community policing began. Expanding on the work of Wilson and
Kelling, Wesley G. Skogan surveyed numerous
neighborhoods and identified two major categories
of disorder that affect the quality of life in the community: human disorder and physical disorder. The
human behaviors found to be extremely disruptive to the community were public drinking, corner
gangs, street harassment, drugs, noisy neighbors,
and commercial sex. The physical disorders that
Skogan found to be extremely destructive to the
community were vandalism, dilapidation and abandonment, and rubbish.6
Using the Wilson and Kelling and Skogan ideas
as a philosophical and practical framework, many
scholars and progressive police chiefs jumped onto
the community policing bandwagon.
9781305724860, An Introduction to Policing, Eighth Edition, Dempsey/Forst – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
CHAPTER 12 COMMUNITY POLICING
Community Policing
Community policing is an approach toward crime
that addresses the underlying causes of crime and
endeavors to apply long-term problem solving to the
issue through improved police–community partnerships and communication. Robert C. Trojanowicz
founded the National Center for Community
Policing in East Lansing, Michigan, in 1983 and
was the director until his death in 1994. Trojanowicz
believed that community policing can play a vital
role in reducing three important kinds of violence
in the community: (1) individual violence, ranging
from street crime to domestic abuse to drug-related
violence; (2) civil unrest, which can often include
gang violence and open confrontations among
M various segments of society, specifically the police; and
I
(3) police brutality.7
Community policing is not a new concept.
As
L
we saw in Chapter 1, policing has always been comE The
munity oriented from its early English roots.
concept of community policing goes asSfar back
as Sir Robert Peel, who began building his public
,
London police in 1829. In his original principles,
he said, “The police are the public and the public
are the police; the police being only members
S of the
public who are paid to give full-time attention to
H in the
duties which are incumbent on every citizen
8
interests of community welfare and existence.”
A
The practices and terminology of modern-day
N
community policing did not suddenly materialize,
either. David L. Carter of Michigan State University
N
explains that community policing evolved from
O and
research conducted by a wide range of scholars
police research organizations. BeginningN
primarily
in the early 1970s, a great deal of research was conducted on police patrol.9
Community policing seeks to replace
1 our traditional methods of police patrol with a more holis9
tic approach. Traditional law enforcement held the
belief that the “experts” would save us,0but over
the years this idea has moved to a holistic con9
cept in which we are all partners in the health of
T to the
our communities. Some scholars liken this
similar movement toward a holistic medical
S model.
Although there is a need for experts to save us in the
emergency room or operating room (just as police
save us in making arrests), there is also a need to
maintain our health and prevent certain illnesses
from happening or intervene before reaching the
emergency or critical stage. In this holistic approach
367
to police patrol, a community policing officer working a particular neighborhood fills a role similar
to that of a family physician, and the street officer
responding to the emergency call is fulfilling the role
of society’s emergency room physician.
The community policing officer acts as a problem solver and an ombudsman to other social service
agencies that can assist in addressing the problem.10
This model supports Trojanowicz’s belief that
“community policing is a philosophy of full service personalized policing, where the same officer
patrols and works in the same area on a permanent
basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve
problems.”11
Some examples of very early attempts at community policing involved experiences in Houston,
Detroit, and New York City. A study in Houston that
involved patrol officers visiting households to solicit
viewpoints and information on community problems reported that both crime and fear decreased
in the study area.12 In Detroit, one approach implemented by community policing advocates was the
development of decentralized neighborhood-based
precincts that served as “storefront” police stations.
The Detroit Mini-Station Program established more
than 36 such stations around the city. At first, the
community did not accept the program because the
officers assigned to the mini-stations seemed to lack
commitment. Later, however, officers were chosen
for ministation duty on the basis of their community
relations skills and crime prevention abilities, and
since then the program has met with much greater
community acceptance. The program is still going
strong, with a mobile ministation added in 2009 and
seven new ministations added in 2013.13 According
to the city’s website, these ministations increase
police presence in the community, improve communication and cooperation between officers and residents, and expand the department’s commitment to
community policing.14
The New York City Police Department began
a Community Patrol Officer Program (CPOP) in
1984. Instead of responding to calls from 911, the
CPOP officers were directed to identify neighborhood problems and develop short- and long-term
strategies for solving them. Each officer kept a beat
book in which he or she was expected to identify
major problems on his or her beat and list strategies
to deal with them. Officers thus were encouraged to
think about problems and their solutions.15
9781305724860, An Introduction to Policing, Eighth Edition, Dempsey/Forst – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
368
PART 3
POLICE OPERATIONS
Regarding community policing, Joseph E.
Braun of the U.S. Department of Justice wrote in
1997:
The traditional role of law enforcement is
changing. . . . Community policing allows law
enforcement practitioners to bring government
resources closer to the community. Hence, participation and cooperation are key. . . . [W]e cannot expect law enforcement to solve crime and
social disorder problems alone. Community
involvement is imperative. . . . With the implementation of community policing practices,
officers and deputies still retain their enforcement duties and powers. Community policing
does not mean that authority is relinquished;
M
rather, its proactive nature is intended to reduce
the need for enforcement in the long termI as
problems are add…
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