GCU The Effects of Urban Sprawl on The United States Research Paper This is a multi step paper on the topic of THE EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL ON THE UNITED ST

GCU The Effects of Urban Sprawl on The United States Research Paper This is a multi step paper on the topic of THE
EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL ON THE UNITED STATES. This weeks assignment is to create the first draft which needs to be between 3000-3750 words. To date, an outline of the paper has been made and an annotated bibliography, these 2 documents need to be used and referenced while writing the paper. There is a grading rubric that the instructor uses religiously, so please use that as a guide. Please let me know if there is any additional documents of information that you need. Thank you Course Code
HIS-450
Class Code
HIS-450-O500
Criteria
Content
Percentage
80.0%
Create an historical research paper of 3,0003,750 words, including the following: An affirmed
Thesis on an approved U.S. History topic you
selected.
15.0%
Evaluate relevant and valid research that reflects
the ethical standards in the discipline of History. 30.0%
Demonstrate proper interpretation of Historical
sources
15.0%
Utilize research to validate your ideas and
supporting claims.
20.0%
Organization and Effectiveness
10.0%
Paragraph Development and Transitions
5.0%
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling,
punctuation, grammar, language use)
5.0%
Format
10.0%
Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the
major and assignment)
5.0%
Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes,
references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to
assignment and style)
5.0%
Total Weightage
100%
Assignment Title
Research Paper: First Draft
Unsatisfactory (0.00%)
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing
claim; research paper does not affirm the thesis on the topic.
Research paper does not evaluate relevant and valid research
that reflects the ethical standards in the discipline of History.
Research paper does not demonstrate proper interpretation
of Historical sources
Research paper does not utilize research to validate ideas and
support claims.
Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and
coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are
established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and
scope. Organization is disjointed.
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede
communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice
and/or sentence construction are used.
Appropriate template is not used or documentation format is
rarely followed correctly.
Sources are not documented.
Total Points
90.0
Less than Satisfactory (65.00%)
Thesis is insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is
not clear. The topic is skimmed over and is lacking depth of
any kind. Demonstrates poor understanding of topic.
Research paper does evaluate relevant and valid research
that reflects the ethical standards in the discipline of History
in a mostly cursory manner. Research is lacking depth and
variety of sources (primary and secondary); many are not
valid or relevant. Demonstrates poor analysis of sources.
Research paper does demonstrate interpretation of Historical
sources but interpretation is not always clear or coherent.
Research paper utilizes research to validate ideas and support
claims, but in an inconsistent manner. Demonstrates poor
understanding of the use of Historical research.
Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression
of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree
of organization is evident.
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the
reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) and/or
word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but
not varied.
Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing
or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.
Documentation of sources is inconsistent and/or incorrect, as
appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous
formatting errors.
Satisfactory (75.00%)
Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose; research
paper affirms the thesis on the U.S. History topic with some
level of depth; explanation is limited and lacks some evidence
to support claims. Demonstrates a basic understanding of the
topic.
Research paper does evaluate relevant and valid research
that reflects the ethical standards in the discipline of History
with some level of depth; Research is limited and lacks some
variety (primary and secondary) of sources; most sources are
relevant and valid. Demonstrates minimal analysis of sources.
Research paper demonstrates proper interpretation of
Historical sources at a basic level.
Research paper utilizes research to validate ideas and support
claims; some applications of research are not appropriately
on point. Demonstrates a basic understanding of the use of
Historical research.
Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show
some inconsistency in organization and/or in their
relationships to each other.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not
overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence
structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.
Appropriate template is used, and formatting is correct,
although some minor errors may be present.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and
style, although some formatting errors may be present.
Good (85.00%)
Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the research
paper with mostly accurate details and evidence; explanation
provides analysis with some evidence to support claims.
Research paper does evaluate relevant and valid research
that reflects the ethical standards in the discipline of History
Research is good and provides variety) of sources (primary
and secondary); most sources are relevant and valid. Provides
good analysis of sources.
Research paper demonstrates proper interpretation of
Historical sources; paper reflects a solid understanding of the
interpretation process.
Research paper utilizes research to validate ideas and support
claims; most applications of research are appropriately used.
Demonstrates a solid understanding of the use of Historical
research.
A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is
apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and
cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are
appropriate to purpose.
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may
be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence
structures and figures of speech.
Appropriate template is fully used; There are virtually no
errors in formatting style.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and
style, and format is mostly correct.
Excellent (100.00%)
Thesis statement is clear and appropriate to the purpose.
Thesis is confirmed with quality details and factual evidence;
explanation is insightful with relevant evidence to support
claims. Demonstrates an exceptional understanding of topic.
Research paper does evaluate relevant and valid research
that reflects the ethical standards in the discipline of History
Research is strong and reflects appropriate use of Primary
and Secondary sources; sources are relevant and valid.
Author demonstrates a remarkable understanding of how to
conduct and analyze historical research.
Research paper demonstrates proper interpretation of
Historical sources; paper reflects a thorough understanding of
the interpretation process.
Research paper utilizes research to validate ideas and support
claims; applications of research are appropriately used.
Author demonstrates a remarkable understanding of the use
of Historical research to establish historical claims.
There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and
transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other.
Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader.
Paragraph structure is seamless.
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic
English.
Comments
All format elements are correct.
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as
appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of
error.
Points Earned
Research Paper: First Draft
Write a first draft of your research paper. The first draft should be 3,000-3,750 words
(approximately 12-15 pages if the template is used correctly), not including the required
bibliography and cover page. Be sure to include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Affirm your thesis on the approved research topic you have selected.
Evaluate relevant and valid research that reflects the ethical standards in the discipline of
history.
Demonstrate proper interpretation of historical sources.
Utilize research to validate your ideas and supporting claims.
The grading standards will be as rigorous as those set for the final research paper. Be careful to
proofread and edit the first draft to the quality of a final draft.
The instructor will provide feedback; but continue to edit for clarity, coherence, argument, and
historical interpretation throughout the duration of the topic.
Use only sources found at the GCU Library or those provided in Course and/or Topic Materials.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to
become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Prepare this assignment according to the Turabian guidelines found in the Turabian Style Guide,
located in the Student Success Center.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the directions in the Student
Success Center.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
Daniel Preston
Grand Canyon University HIS-450
1
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
2
Primary sources
Acevedo, William. Rates, Trends, Causes, and Consequences of Urban Land-use Change in the
United States. United States: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological
Survey, 2006.
This professional paper is one in a series of the same paper providing geological surveys
on land use in the U.S. The author provides extensive statistics on land use over the past two
centuries and notes the changes in land use due to increased and unregulated urbanization. In the
paper, there is a discussion on the impacts sprawling, which makes this publication useful for
retrieving statistics that will back up my thesis.
Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Concise Global History. United
States: Cengage Learning, 2008.
This textbook provides an intellectual insight into land use through the use of art and time
period. In the text, the author uses arts at different time periods, and this provides a nutshell look
into land use. Using this approach of art, I am able to visualize how urban sprawling has affected
the country in a much-condensed form. This text adds value to my research because it provides a
different angle to my research using different pieces of evidence through time.
Population Index Bibliography: 1978-1981: Subject index, geographical index. United
States: G.K. Hall, 1984.
Using geographical indicators, this paper provides a long term analysis of land use and
how urban sprawling has impacted agriculture in the U.S. By tracking the production of
agricultural products, this paper demonstrates how urban sprawling has impacted the production
of the country over the last three decades. As agriculture production lowers, this affects
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
international trade, particularly between the U.S and European Union. The ripple effect
expounds on my analytical framework, thus making my paper rich in statistical data.
Urban Sprawl: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. United Kingdom: Greenwood Press, 2006.
Urban sprawling has continued to gain the attention of American society, especially in
recent decades, and this comprehensive reference book guide demonstrates it. This book
illustrates the impact of urban sprawling on our environment, schooling system, and race
relations. This comprehensive reference guide captures the effects of urban sprawling on our
community by looking at some of the views of the top thinkers in the country. The interviews
capture different angles to the topic, and this is valuable for my research process.
Secondary sources
Ben-Joseph, Eran., Southworth, Michael. Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities. United
States: Island Press, 2013.
This textbook captures how the country’s public development committee is reshaping
urban patterns as a way of achieving long term sustainable growth and development. This text
captures how public officials are using street design and layout that were used in the early
industrial era to build a long term plan on urban development in the country. The authors explore
the negative impacts as well as proposing on different ways of dealing with urban sprawling.
Bruegmann, Robert. Sprawl: A Compact History. United States: University of Chicago
Press, 2008.
This text provides a compact history on urban sprawling. The duo highlight how the
definition of urban, suburban have changed over time. To capture the impacts of urban
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
4
sprawling, this text examines how unregulated urban settlements have affected the country as a
whole. The duo argues how urban sprawling has caused economic inefficiencies, caused
environmental degradation, and caused social inequity. This text is valuable to my research
because it provides a long view on urban sprawling.
Debbage, Neil, Bradley Bereitschaft, and J. Marshall Shepherd. “Quantifying The
Spatiotemporal Trends Of Urban Sprawl Among Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas Via
Spatial Metrics.” Applied Spatial Analysis And Policy 10, no. 3 (2016): 317-345.
doi:10.1007/s12061-016-9190-6.
This article uses spatial metrics to quantify how urban sprawling has impacted the
country. This study uses deriving spatial metrics to analyze different classification schemes that
help explain urban sprawling. This study analyzes the fifty most populous cities in the country,
and the results indicated that urban sprawling is to blame for triggering new city designs that
economically inefficient. This article is valuable to my research because it captures urban
sprawling in the long term using spatial metrics as a tool of analysis.
Fertner, Christian, Gertrud Jørgensen, Thomas Alexander Sick Nielsen, and Kjell Svenne
Bernhard Nilsson. “Urban Sprawl And Growth Management – Drivers, Impacts, And
Responses In Selected European And U.S. Cities.” Future Cities And Environment 2, no.
0 (2016): 9. doi:10.1186/s40984-016-0022-2.
This article is valuable to my research because it discusses the need for urban growth
management as a way of regulating urban land use, particularly in metropolitan areas. In
particular, the authors discuss how the negative impacts of urban sprawling can be counteracted.
In this same article, the authors discuss the challenges of urban growth. The authors conclude
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
that urban growth cannot be efficiently be contained; however, through innovative ways, it can
be dealt with by increasing regulation.
Frumkin, Howard., Frank, Lawrence., Jackson, Richard J.. Urban Sprawl and Public Health:
Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities. United States: Island
Press, 2013.
In this article, the trio devoted it’s time to analyzing the changes in the environment and
tracing the root of urban sprawling. In this article, the authors focus their attention on the built
environment and how changes to this environment has caused additional health costs to public
health systems. The authors call for public officials to address the issue of urban sprawling
through influencing the built environment policies because the study shows it adversely affects
public health. By introducing the element of public health, this article provides more evidence
that urban sprawling has an impact on our society.
Hamidi, Shima, and Reid Ewing. “A Longitudinal Study Of Changes In Urban Sprawl Between
2000 And 2010 In The United States”. Landscape And Urban Planning 128 (2014): 7282. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.021.
This longitudinal study tracks changes in urban sprawling from the periods of 2000 to
2010, which is one decade. Using cross-sectional data, this study categorizes urban sprawling
into activity centering, land use mix, development density, and street accessibility. Using the
four categories, the study validates the characteristics of sprawling in our country. This article is
valuable to my research because it helps in defining the different characteristics of urban
sprawling in the country using different statistical indexes.
5
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
6
Morris, Douglas E.. It’s a Sprawl World After All: The Human Cost of Unplanned Growth — and
Visions of a Better Future. United States: New Society Publishers, 2009.
This textbook analyses and discusses how urban sprawling has defined our American
urban system. For the author Douglas, he examines how urban sprawling has twisted our
definition to urban sprawling. Douglas blames urban sprawling for social degradation,
unregulated killings in our nation. The unregulated urban growth has left many Americans with
the feelings of alienation and what surrounds them is a strange world. The changes that urban
sprawling has brought is something I want to capture in my research paper, and this book does
that.
Sarzynski, Andrea, George Galster, and Lisa Stack. “Typologies Of Sprawl: Investigating United
States Metropolitan Land Use Patterns.” Urban Geography 35, no. 1 (2013): 48-70.
doi:10.1080/02723638.2013.826468.
This article investigates how land-use patterns have changed as a result of urban
sprawling. The authors use four measures to capture the changing patters in land use that is
intensity, core dominance, mixing dominance, and compactness. Using the four measures, the
authors find that urban sprawling is to blame for changes in the economy, geography, and
transportation networks in the country. This article is valuable to my research because it
examines urban sprawling from a physical and economic point of view juxtaposed.
Weiner, Edward. Urban transportation planning in the United States: a historical
overview. United Kingdom: Praeger, 1999.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
7
This book captures one of the effects of urban sprawling in America, which is its
transport network. The author examines how relationships have been changing among the state
and local governments, and this is because they cannot sufficiently quantify the impacts of urban
sprawling on highway planning and development. By focusing on major events, the book
discusses how regulations and legislations are practical on the ground, especially in addressing
urban sprawling. This book is valuable to my research because it captures urban sprawling over a
comprehensive policy term of half a century.
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL ON THE UNITED STATES
Daniel Preston
Grand Canyon University: Course: HIS-450
July 26, 2020
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL ON THE UNITED STATES
The Effects of Urban Sprawl on the United States
Research Proposal
Introduction
Urban sprawl is the unlimited growth in urban areas of commercial developments,
housing, and roads over a large land area, with improper urban planning. In the United States
(US), it occurred between 1920 and 20121. Since industrialization began, sprawl had direct
disadvantages to the residents of the city, forcing them to migrate to rural areas. The effects of
residents migrating to rural areas has resulted in unforeseen financial pressures that has resulted
in an overall increase in the cost of living in the city areas. This research project will give an
overview of the urban sprawl and its effects in the US. Some key components of this research
will highlight the evolution of trends, technological change, and improved planning strategies.
Ultimately, these efforts serve to enhance the historical infrastructure of urban sprawl and
support the betterment of urban planning by permitting proper planning for housing, roads, and
commercial development.
1
Fertner, C., Jorgensen, G., Nielsen, T. A. S., & Nilsson, K. S. B. (2016). Urban sprawl and
growth management–drivers, impacts, and responses in selected European and US cities.
Future cities and environment, 2(1), 9.1
1
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL ON THE UNITED STATES
2
Problem Statement
Urban sprawl can have devastating impacts on a city if there is poor urban planning2. The
use of quality planning strategies is essential to the successful development of improved
infrastructure in both urban and rural areas. From 2001 through 2011 spatial metrics indicated
many white middle-class people and bus…
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