Hialeah Is GPS Locators in Phones and Other Electronics Is an Invasion of Privacy Chart i have 3 literature assignments 1 needs to be done from scratch the

Hialeah Is GPS Locators in Phones and Other Electronics Is an Invasion of Privacy Chart i have 3 literature assignments 1 needs to be done from scratch the other 2 are done they just need some corrections. I’ll be posting all 3 assignments once and the corrections needed for each. Claim: Embedding GPS trackers in phones and other
electronic devices exposes users and makes their
information vulnerable which is an invasion of their
privacy.
Issue Question: Is GPS
locators in phones and
other electronics is an
invasion of privacy.
Counter Claim: GPS do not provide folder filters to direct
and restrict information seekers to information of their
interest in user’s devices thus they flip over various folders
which exposes the user’s information about family, politics
and religion.
Reason: GPS enables network providers to track the
location and activities of users then pass it to E911 as
mandated by the federal communications commission.
Evidence: This exposes users’ information to possible abuse
by the government agencies
Source: Saiidl, Jankowski, & Tsou, 2016
Reason: public and private organizations can collect user data
for survey purpose through GPS enabled devices.
Evidence: The intrusion by private and public organizations is
done without the user’s consent.
Rebuttal: The developments in GPS are threatening citizens’
information and privacy with each advance.
Source: Saiidl, Jankowski, & Tsou, 2016
Reason: Based on the Fourth Amendment, the court made
it clear that use of GPS devices to track citizen’s
information is an invasion to their privacy and the law
enforcers require a warrant to conduct such operation.
Evidence: the Carpenter vs United States case of July 2018
Source: Freiwald & Smith, 2018
Source for Rebuttal: Gardner, Ballantyne & Merchant, 2010.
1
Are GPS locators in phones and other electronics an invasion of privacy?
Advancement in technology brings about positive impacts in all industries and sectors by
increasing the efficiency, sufficiency, and convenience of daily operations. Among the state
departments that have benefited from these advances is the security department whose location
of offenders has been made easier by the integration of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in
electronics used by individuals on their daily routines such as mobile phones, watches, and
vehicles. These devices are of significant usage to owners but their increased use has led to
decreased privacy because GPS enables interested parties to monitor the movements of other
people to establish their current locations. Over the year, the size of GPS has reduced and their
prices dropped by approximately 50% hence by 2012 more than one person in every ten people
would buy GPS Enabled mobile devices (Rahter, 2008). These advances in technology have led
to encroachment into areas deemed to be personal in the past. Embedding GPS trackers in
phones and other electronic devices expose users and makes their information vulnerable which
is an invasion of their privacy.
With GPS infiltrated into mobile devices, it becomes easier to collect user’s information
because the users are always in constant interaction with the satellites and towers. Mobile
devices users always carry their devices around and the GPS settings enable the network
providers to keep track of an individual’s movements (Seidl, Jankowski, & Tsou, 2016). The
network providers are mandated by the Federal Communications Commission to submit
cellphone locations for emergency calls that have been made through the cell phones. This
exposes private information to leakage and possible abuse by the third party since they no longer
require the user’s consent to collect the information because the information is readily available
via the satellites.
2
Public and private companies can freely collect data and information from individuals for
different purposes. For instance, private companies collect information for market analysis and
product usage while the public collects information for government interests such as health and
education for service delivery, emergencies, and security. It is required that the user’s consent be
sought in such situations but GPS grants these agencies unauthorized access to such sensitive
information from users of devices embedded with GPS settings (Seidl et al, 2016). This calls for
the need to have a clear legal system that controls the collection and usage of information via
GPS.
Obtaining information about an individual via GPS endangers their security and private
life because there is no filter of information within the GPS settings that directs the data seeker
strictly to the folder of information they are targeting (Gardner, Ballantyne, & Merchant,
2010). Information seekers will have to go through several folders to collect the information they
are concerned with. In so doing, an individual’s information on their social network, intimate
relationships, political alignment, and religious convictions will be exposed. There is no greater
intrusion to someone’s privacy than this.
Regarding the Carpenter vs United States case (No. 16-402) June 2018, the Court held that law
enforcers must obtain search warrants to obtain cell location information. This improved the
privacy expectations of an individual location and movements as accorded by the Fourth
Amendment (Freiwald, & Smith, 2018). The ruling from this case dictates the fact that
embedding GPS in mobile gadgets used by individuals is an interference with their privacy.
Gps technology grants individuals access to someone’s location and activities, the
government should, therefore, move with speed to formulate and implement policies that protect
people’s right to privacy while using GPS embedded devices because there is and there will
3
always be privacy violation by malicious individuals. Without clear and proper legislation on the
procedures required to collect individual’s data using GPS, citizens’ privacy will continue being
abused by the government’s invasion into people’s information.
4
References
Freiwald, S., & Smith, S. W. (2018). The Carpenter Chronicle: A Near-Perfect
Surveillance. Harv. L. Rev., 132, 205.
Gardner, M. R., Ballantyne, W. W., & Merchant, Z. S. (2010). U.S. Patent No. 7,751,826.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Rahter, S. (2008). Privacy Implication of GPS Tracking Technology. I/S: A Journal Of Law And
Policy For The Information Society.
Seidl, D. E., Jankowski, P., & Tsou, M. H. (2016). Privacy and spatial pattern preservation in
masked GPS trajectory data. International Journal of Geographical Information
Science, 30(4), 785-800.
06.06 Make Your Argument
Using the ideas you previously wrote in your Argument Organizer and introduction, you will write
the body paragraphs of your argument.
Important note: You will submit your introduction and body for this assignment.
View the grading rubric as you complete your work. This is your guide to a super submission.
1. You have previously written the introduction to your argument. Now you will write the body
paragraphs to continue your argument.
2. Be sure to use the information you previously wrote in your Argument Organizer.
3. In three body paragraphs remember to include:
• BODY PARAGRAPH 1: a strong reason for your claim and researched fact to support your claim
• BODY PARAGRAPH 2: another strong reason for your claim and researched fact to support your
claim
• BODY PARAGRAPH 3: a counterclaim against your argument, a rebuttal, and a researched fact to
support your rebuttal
•
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Transitions
• Direct quote in your article
• Indirect quote in your article
• Technical language
• Signal phrases to indicate quotes or facts that are not your ideas
• Write three or more complete sentences in each paragraph
Write in formal style using the third-person point of view.
Use correct grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Add your introduction to the body.
Save your work to your computer or drive.
Submit your work in 06.06 Make Your Argument.
PRINT SThe Body of Your Argument
To win a game like chess, you must be thinking several steps ahead and not just about your next move.
You must consider the whole board and analyze your opponent’s strategy. Chess is similar to making an
argument. When you write an argument, you must consider the big picture. What are your most
convincing reasons and evidence for the claim? How will others challenge that claim? How can you refute
their views? What is your overall strategy for “winning” the argument, which means convincing others to
adopt your perspective?
The body of your argumentative essay is where you lay out all the details of your claim—reasons for it,
evidence to back up those reasons, defense against the counterclaim. To be effective, you must organize
this information in a logical and well-supported manner.
AVE
How Do I Start Writing the Body?
You have organized your argument. You have your claim, the counterclaim, and your rebuttal. You also
have your reasons for your claim and your evidence to support your reasons.
Now, write and structure the body of the argument so you present each reason for your claim and its
related evidence within a paragraph. You will also present the counterclaim and your rebuttal in separate
paragraphs. In this style, you take your reader clearly and directly through your ideas—one by one.
Let’s say that you are writing an essay in which you are trying to convince someone of the benefits of
letting kids play sports. You have chosen to prove your point by looking at the emotional and physical
benefits of playing sports. You will also address the counterclaim. Take a look at the chart on the next
page to see the clear and concise organization of your argument.
Paragraph Power
Once you have decided on a structure, you can begin writing each section of the body. As you write, follow
these three steps to present a powerful argument:
Topic sentence – the first sentence of a body paragraph tells readers what the paragraph will discuss. It is
a point that you can support with evidence. It will be a reason readers should agree with your claim or a
reason to not believe the counterclaim.
Evidence – the next few sentences should contain facts from your research that back up the topic
sentence. Consult your Argument Research Chart and resources for facts, quotes, and data to include for
support. Use signal phrases to indicate the source of the evidence.
Clincher sentence – your last sentence gives your reader a quick summary of your ideas in the paragraph
and can reinforce the importance of your claim.
Visit the Writer’s Workshop for a review.
What Should I Include?
Now you know how to organize the body of your argument and begin writing. It is important to include
certain features in your argument. These features will help convince readers to agree with your
perspective. Most, if not all, will be familiar to you. Print or make note of this list to help you as you write
the body of your argument.
A direct quote – quote a credible source to support your claim and identify the source.
An indirect quote – include a summary or paraphrase of something someone said to support your claim
and identify the source.
Signal phrases – to identify and distinguish evidence.
Technical language – terms specific to your issue, such as “cookies” if you were to argue about Internet
tracking. Using words that are unique to your topic helps prove your authority on the issue.
Transitions – be sure to use transitions to make your writing flow smoothly. You will need transitions
within your paragraphs as well as between them. Words like although, despite, and yet are effective
transitions for refuting a counterclaim. For example, you might say, “Although playing sports can
sometimes result in injuries, the number of people who improve their overall physical health by playing
sports is three times higher than those who get injured.”
Relevant information – make sure that the information you include in each paragraph is directly related
to your argument. Avoid irrelevant information.
Multiple-Choice Activity Questions
Check your understanding of how to organize the body of your argument. Choose the correct
option from the choices given. Then select Answers to compare your answer.
Now you know what to include in the body paragraphs of an argument. Let’s practice.
You will read an excerpt from an argument body excerpt on the topic, “Are cell phones safe?”
and answer the questions that follow.
Excerpt
Read this argument body excerpt on the topic, “Are cell phones safe?”
Cell phones emit a type of radiation called radiofrequency, but it is not harmful. Those who say
that cell phones are dangerous, such as Lennert Hardell and George Carlos, emphasize research
on how this radiation can damage blood cells and create tumors. While they say this can lead to
cancer, they fail to admit two facts. One is explained by Erick Swanson in a 2008 article, stating
cell phones emit a “non-ionizing” radiation that cannot cause cancer. Not only that, but they’re
giving cell phones a bad rap, when multiple devices emit radiofrequency waves, including
cordless home phones, TVs, radios, and laptops. Furthermore, the Federal Communications
Commission enforces rules that cell phones and other devices available for sale cannot exceed
limits set for safe exposure to radiation. Clearly the concerns are exaggerated.
Furthermore, evidence suggests that cell phones contribute to safety in a crisis. A cell phone to
contact emergency response sure is handy after a car accident, to report a crime in progress, and
to get medical help. The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) reported in 2006 that
more than half of its members owned a cell phone precisely in case of emergency. The report
acknowledges convenience in calling and states, “many [consumers] also purchase cell phone
service for security reasons.” Cell phones have been used to locate endangered people. In 2012,
Las Vegas-area police used cell signals to track and locate a 17-year-old teen kidnapping victim
and return her to safety. The devices have even helped to solve crimes. Cell phone photos
uploaded to social media sites played a key role in the identification and capture of suspects in
the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing.
Question 1
Which paragraph contains a rebuttal to a counterclaim?
Choice 1: Paragraph 1
Choice 2: Paragraph 2
Question 2
What is the topic sentence of the paragraph with the counterclaim defense?
Choice 1: Cell phones emit a type of radiation called radiofrequency, but it is not harmful.
Choice 2: Clearly the concerns are exaggerated.
Choice 3: Besides, few would deny the fact that cell phones contribute to safety in a crisis.
Choice 4: The devices have even helped to solve crimes.
Question 3
What is the topic sentence of the claim support paragraph?
Cell phones emit a type of radiation called radiofrequency, but it is not harmful.
Choice 1: Clearly the concerns are exaggerated.
Choice 2: Furthermore, evidence suggests that cell phones contribute to safety in a crisis.
Choice 3: The devices have even helped to solve crimes.
Question 4
Which sentence contains a direct quote as evidence?
Choice 1: The American Association of Retired Persons reported in 2006 that more than half of
its members owned a cell phone precisely in case of emergency.
Choice 2: The report acknowledges convenience in calling and states, “many [consumers] also
purchase cell phone service for security reasons.”
Choice 3: Cell phones have been used to locate endangered people.
Choice 4: In 2012, Las Vegas-area police used cell signals to track and locate a 17-year-old teen
kidnapping victim and return her to safety.
Question 5
Which sentence contains an indirect quote for evidence?
Choice 1: Cell phones emit a type of radiation called radiofrequency, but it is not harmful.
Choice 2: Those who say that cell phones are dangerous, such as Lennert Hardell and George
Carlos, emphasize research on how this radiation can damage blood cells and create tumors.
Choice 3:The report acknowledges convenience in calling and states, “many [consumers] also
purchase cell phone service for security reasons.”
Choice 4: Cell phones have been used to locate endangered people.
Question 6
Which sentence contains irrelevant information to the argument?
Choice 1: Not only that, but they’re giving cell phones a bad rap, when multiple devices emit
radiofrequency waves, including cordless home phones, TVs, radios, and laptops.
Choice 2: Furthermore, the Federal Communications Commission enforces rules that cell phones
and other devices available for sale cannot exceed limits set for safe exposure to radiation.
Choice 3: Besides, few would deny the fact that cell phones contribute to safety in a crisis.
Choice 4: The devices have even helped to solve crimes.
Question 7 Which sentence contains a transition phrase?
Choice 1: Clearly the concerns are exaggerated.
Choice 2: Furthermore, evidence suggests that cell phones contribute to safety in a crisis.
Choice 3: A cell phone to contact emergency response sure is handy after a car accident, to
report a crime in progress, and to get medical help.
Choice 4: The American Association of Retired Persons reported in 2006 that more than half of
its members owned a cell phone precisely in case of emergency.
Question 8 Which of the following is a signal phrase used in this text excerpt?
Choice 1: Besides
Choice 2: Clearly
Choice 3: Not only that, but they’re
Choice 4: by Erick Swanson in a 2008 article
Question 9 Which of the following is a technical term used in this text excerpt?
Choice 1: Cell phone
Choice 2: Kidnapping victim
Choice 3: Emergency response
Choice 4: Non-ionizing radiation
Answers
Multiple-Choice Activity Answers
Question 1
Which paragraph contains a rebuttal to a counterclaim?
Choice 1: Paragraph 1
This first paragraph refutes the counterclaim that cell phones are not safe because they give off
radiation.
Question 2
What is the topic sentence of the paragraph with the counterclaim defense?
Choice 1: Cell phones emit a type of radiation called radiofrequency, but it is not harmful.
This is the topic sentence for the counterclaim refute. Remember, your topic sentence is the main
idea of that paragraph.
Question 3
What is the topic sentence of the claim support paragraph?
Cell phones emit a type of radiation called radiofrequency, but it is not harmful.
Choice 2: Furthermore, evidence suggests that cell phones contribute to safety in a crisis.
This is the topic sentence for the claim support paragraph. Remember, your topic sentence is the
main idea of that paragraph.
Question 4
Which sentence contains a direct quote as evidence?
Choice 2: The report acknowledges convenience in calling and states, “many [consumers] also
purchase cell phone service for security reasons.”
Yes, this sentence contains a direct quote. You can identify it through the use of quotation marks,
indicating the exact words taken from another source.
Question 5
Which sentence contains an indirect quote for evidence?
Choice 2: Those who say that cell phones are dangerous, such as Lennert Hardell and George
Carlos, emphasize research on how this radiation can damage blood cells and create tumors.
An indirect quote references the words of someone else, but is a paraphrase or summary from the
source.
Question 6
Which sentence contains irrelevant information to the argument?
Choice 1: Not only that, but they’re giving cell phones a bad rap, when multiple devices emit
radiofrequency waves, including cordless home phones, TVs, radios, and laptops.
This sentence distracts readers from the point of the paragraph and of the overall argument. It
brings other devices into the argument when other devices do not relate to the issue question. All
statements in an argument should directly relate to the claim, the safety of cell phones.
Question 7
Which sentence contains a transition phrase?
Choice 2: Furthermore, evidence suggests that cell phones contribute to safety in a crisis.
This sentence starts with the word Furthermore, which helps to transition from the paragraph
talking about radiation to one that points out a cell phone’s usefulness in…
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