How School Vouchers will change Schools Summary We are expected to write a 6 page paper summarizing this paper, however, I only want some section of the pa

How School Vouchers will change Schools Summary We are expected to write a 6 page paper summarizing this paper, however, I only want some section of the paper summarized. How long and how much would this be?It is a 6 page assignment, but I am asking for a shorter assignment than that, maybe around 3 pages of explanations or shorter pages because I just asking for two sections.That is the reason for the price.(I had to report this question because the past tutor that did this was horrible!) How Vouchers Could Change the Market for Education
Derek Neal
The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 16, No. 4. (Autumn, 2002), pp. 25-44.
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Students may want to find related articles to discuss as well. Each group will write a six-page paper
summarizing the paper they were assigned. The group will then present a summary of the paper to the
class. All students will be expected to discuss the issues. These papers are from professional journals
and may include a number of challenging technical details. While many students may find these issues
interesting, you will not be expected to explain or evaluate these issues in your papers. Students will be
expected to work through the papers and provide discussions of results and their public-policy
implications.
So the required reading will be divided into two parts, and must be under page limit of 6 pages. We are
doing the first part. We are doing the intro until the section Who Would Teach?.
I want sections “Voucher Programs and Private Elementary Schools” and “Can Urban Catholic School
Results be Widely Replicated? Summarized.
If you can, use one more source besides the required paper or ones mentioned on the article.
https://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco4361/readings/neal%202002.pdf
(My Notes: Outline)
Voucher on Education Outline
(Part 1) How Voucher schemes may function in the Market for Education
? Voucher program debate Public vs private, along with concerning criteria and
empirical results that will be spoken of later in the paper.
? Achievement and attainment
? Teacher effort and allocation
? Other issues
The Relative Performance of Public and Private Schools
? Secondary Public vs Private achievements
? Public is inefficient compared to Private
? Results in allocation of resources
? Catholic schooling with Hispanics, African-Americans
? Probit model data
? NELS Public vs Private data (Catholic schools)
? Student traits, behavior problems, academic performance, family
background, graduation rates
? Payments affect student urban vs suburban graduation
Voucher Program and Private Elementary Schools
? Effect on Elementary Catholic school African-American achievement if attending
? Data gathering of two to three years in WA and Dayton.
? Howell & Peterson (2002) analysis on Whites, Hispanics, and African-American
achievement in private school
? Howell & Peterson school voucher benefits catholic students of these groups
? Attrition difference in regard to data gathered towards achievement growth
Can the Urban Catholic School results be WIdely Replicated?
? Public vs private do not outperform public, but public schools in cities perform
poorly to private neighborhoods. (I.e. Catholic schools)
? Peer to peer effect better school performance. (voucher & scholarship) when enter
Catholic Schooling.
? Marginalized groups for voucher program over beliefs
Who Would Teach?
?
?
?
?
“Teacher effect”
Voucher program and teacher distribution and where effort is allocated
How teachers are viewed
Compensation affects students and teacher behaviour
? Public vs private compensation for teachers
? Difficulties with teaching
? Charter Schools vs private schools compensation within same districts
? Ballou & Podgurski: Private vs Public teacher education qualifications and its
impacts on pay and student success
? Voucher program could create competition among independent governed schools
(Part 2) Accountability Systems as Substitutes for Markets
? Public school principals, superintendents and salaries for teachers
? Pay influence
? Accountability systems: bonuses, prizes, etc,..
? Journal of Human Resources: Research on INcentive systems for government
agencies with regard to education, vocational training and job assistance.
? Parent mindset on what children should learn
? Large-scale vouchers to incentives principles on making good hiring decisions
Sorting
? Perspective on individual student, voucher systems compensates students in class
composition. Theory if large scale voucher was implemented in the U.S.
? One, wealthy families living in school districts, or attendance zones suffer
welfare losses under voucher program
? Second, unknown results how vouchers would affect sorting os students
among schools
? Nechyba (1999) model to consider various voucher systems.
? Endowment of income, wealth, anility
? Public school district divided neighborhoods
? Own home in particular school district affects
? Income effects
? Private schools operate as clubs.
? Family choice where to reside in public or private school districts
? Impact of voucher programs (with above criteria
? Results of voucher programs in the model with criteria
? Admission rules and tuition policies and bribery
? Epple & Romano: Would results in two school sectors
? Abilities in students, choices, economics, regulations, and examples of
chicago and New York
? Religious institutions allowing vouchers could result in expansion of this
Conclusion
? What it is…
(My Notes)
Voucher on Education Notes
How Voucher schemes may function in the Market for Education
? Empirical and theoretical work on education
? Argument is that we cannot confidently predict, but following main points and
details may affect the program:
? Outcomes that would result from various voucher schemes
? Debates for vouches are not very informative
? Funding
? Targeting
? Discretion
? In the argument of public vs private, policymakers should target the program towards
minority students in large cities. This is based on empirical evidence done in existing
result models.
? There is a belief that private schools forster a higher level of achievement and attainment
than public schools (Adds to the argument about the voucher program)
History on performance between public and private schools
Larger focus should be on different criteria rather than achievement and attainment
because they vary by case.
? Changes in;
? Newly entered teaching professionals
? How teacher and students allocate time and effort to various tasks
? How students sort themselves into:
? Schools
? Classrooms
? Neighborhoods
These changes have important consequences from test scores and graduation rates. Additionally,
agency problems that could arise between taxpayers and schools under vouchers.
The Relative Performance of Public and Private Schools
Private Secondary Schools
Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore: Analysis on differences in achievement between public
and private schools students who come from similar family backgrounds. Conclusion is that
public schools are inefficient and private schools are better at fostering achievement.
Follow up argument: Effects on private attainment and achievement growth are
significant, specifically on catholic schools in private sector.
Critics: Observed positive relationship between Catholic schooling and academic
performance likely reflect common influences of unmeasured student and faily traits, which
simultaneous affect choice and academic outcomes. (This reflects the other opposing view on the
flow of money and where its allocated)
Supporting Papers: Evans and Schwab (1995)
Effectiveness of Secondary Private vs Public secondary in an urban setting (Bottom pg26 Top pg27)
Examines a link between Catholic schooling and educational attainment.
? Larger attainment gains between with Urban African-Americans and Hispanics than any
other group
? Estimates utilized public school graduation rate for both groups as baseline,
Catholic school 26% increase in high school graduation rates. Very little increase
for whites
? However little gain with Suburban group regardless of race.
? Rest that follows is econometrics
National Educational Longitudinal Survey
? This data provides detailed records of academic performance and numerous measures of
potential student behavior problems during and before eight grade.
? This data analyses outcomes conditional detailed measures of student traits and
achievement at the end of elementary school.
? Public school graduation rate for urban minorities in sample of 0.75.
? Controlled for family background and eight grade records.
? Grogger and Neal found Catholic schooling raises graduation rates among urban
minorities by 18% on average.
? Neal (1997a) est. Catholic schooling among urban minorities is quite large
compared to est. Catholic schooling effects among other demographic groups.
Same pattern holds on Catholic school on college attendance.
? Attainment gains associated with Catholic schooling much smaller among
urban whites, and regardless of race.
? Suburban students do not indicate consistent pattern of attainment gains
from Catholic schooling.
? Parents who pay private schools tuition are necessarily revealing something positive
about unmeasured aspects of their family that should enhance achievement and
attainment but no such evidence appears with suburban whites that attend most
expensive private schools achieve more, graduate more often or attend college ar higher
rates than students from comparative background.
(The willingness to pay reveals something positive about how you view education and it
has to have some effect on your child, but it does not measure anything because it seems
like you fall within the same ranks as the rest of the population going to these schools
that parents are paying for. Basically, there would be more of an effect if there was more
of a necessity with each student. Seeing that they fall within comparative stats with the
rest, it evens out. Hence, no effect.)
? NAIS schools are more secular in orientation and expensive compared to Catholic
schools.
? Have 12th grade achievement scores & college attendance rates higher on average
than whites in public or Catholic.
? Analysis provide little evidence that NAIS secondary schools learn more, drop out
less or attend college more often than public school students from similar
backgrounds who began high school with similar records, and among suburban
students, higher attainment and achieved levels observed among NAIS high
schools attributed entirely to family and academic backgrounds NAIS prior to
high school.
? Why would suburban parents choose expensive private schools that yield no measurable
benefits in terms of attainment or achievement?
? Could be they are purchasing “outcomes” that lead to better attainment and
achievement measures.
? Could be wealthy families who send children to public schools are receiving very
best public school have to offer.
? Magnet Schools with restrictive admissions policies or regular schools with
attendance zones that coincide with the boundaries of wealthy neighborhoods
function much like elite private schools.
? Children are more likely to gain admissions to magnet schools if they are gifted,
and wealthy families afford housing.
Voucher Program and Private Elementary Schools
? Literature on private voucher programs show how achievement growth & economically
disadvantaged African-American children in cities rises if they are able to attend private
schools instead of public schools.
? Howell & Peterson (2002) several evaluations of privately funded voucher program.
? Survey teams drew treatment and control samples from lists of families who applied for
vouchers and were eligible to receive them.
? Eligibility Rules involved city residence requirements and financial need calculations.
Both treatment and control samples took baseline achievement tests prior to group
assignment, survey teams collected baseline information about families as well.
? Dayton, conducted two yearly rounds follow-up testing and surveys. NY & WA three
years of data. Both collected three years of follow up data, but only WA, but only in
Dayton.
Howell and Peterson (2002) presented separate analysis.
? Whites, Hispanics, African-American students
? All families identified Spanish-speaking group are included as Hispanics
category.
? Little evidence was found that private schooling helps hurts white
Hispanic students
? Worth nothing that African-American children in the only sample that
contains significant numbers of students in all three cities.
? Whites in Dayton and almost all Hispanics students in New York.
? Evidence was found that African-American children at all grade levels in
all three cities, Howell and Peterson find that private schooling enhances
one and two-year total achievement gains by 3.9 and 6.3 percentiles,
respectively. New York & Washington D.C., comparable three-year gain
est. 6.6 percentile.
Est. effect reflect gains on a composite math and reading score, and they are large by any
metric.
? More Econometrics
? Most voucher recipients who use them attend Catholic elementary schools,
(Howell and Peterson) more evidence on African-American students in cities
benefit from access Catholic schools.
Est. of Howell and Peterson effects varies considerably among grade levels and among cities at a
point in time.
? Data
? Attrition is not random with respect to past achievement growth. In New
York, achievement growth during the first two years lowers the
probability of attrition in the treatment sample, but raises probability of
attrition in the control sample.
? Similar for one year achievement and growth and two year response
pattern in Dayton.
? Systematic attrition likely has small effects on their results.
Can the Urban Catholic School Result be Widely Replicated?
(Not indicate that public vs private ae better) However there are real benefits to private
schools over public, especially in African-Americans.
? Does not imply that large-scale voucher plans would generate broad-based improvements
in achievement and attainment among urban minorities.
It is possible that these est. rise from peer performance and not better school performance.
? Peer Effects: Student with voucher or scholarship attends private school, there are very
different peers than in public school. This can result in gain in achievement and
attainment because these new peers emulate or are less disruptive.
? If peer effects in Catholic school programs, then large-scale voucher plans on edu
outcomes would determine how they change sorting of students into school and
classrooms.
? However, there is mixed evidence on the issue of attainment and achievement, and
whether peer effects are important, Howell and Peterson found minor differences
between public and private school.
? Even if we say that urban Catholic schools in minority communities perform better than
their public school counterparts, we cannot be sure that vouchers will generate large
number of high-performing private schools in these communities.
? Some students may be marginalized because of their religious or educational philosophy
is a large scale voucher program is adopted. May not benefit and cannot predict what
other private schools would emerge and how well they’ll do.
? Even if assumptions could be made on urban minority students success in catholic
schools, we would not know how to replicate a large scale voucher program because we
do not know why catholic schools success.
? We cannot predict how voucher systems would change the overall distribution of
education outcomes in cities.
Who Would Teach?
The argument of vouchers also involves the teaching profession and their redistribution,
among students, but some of these important potential outcomes come from adopting vouchers is
change in the labor market for teachers. This has an effect on where their teaching efforts are
being targeted towards.
? Some teachers are clearly and persistently better than others.
? Literature backing this up is by Hanushek (2002) “teacher effect”.
? Panel was examined in Texas public schools, that provided multiple observations on
achievement for individual students and they pass through different schools and work
under different teachers.
? Ruvkin, hanushek, and Kane found that identity of a child’s teacher in a given year
important determinant achieving growth even among students in the same year. “Teacher
effect”; supports notion that crucial task in managing schools, identifying, retaining and
motivating talented teachers.
? However, personnel systems govern pay, promotion practices of public schools are quite
bureaucratic and rigid. Contratroy of public employees in all areas of government
demand employment regulations to protect them from supervisors who may be motivated
by nepotism or political considerations, personnel systems that govern compensation
among public school teachers are inflexible.
? Good to note that the Ballou and Podgursky (2002) point out that Federal General
Schedule (GS) system, which govern pay and promotion for federal workers, is more
flexible than personnel systems used by public school districts.
? They summarize public school personnel systems….
All teachers began teaching same year and have same number of credits with same wage.
This holds regardless of past performance, whether or not teach math of English, or past
experience with 5-year olds, or teens. Pay schedules striking teaching different subjects and age
groups require different skills and knowledge.
Although wage comparison not alone imply inefficiency, number of empirical results on
teacher labor markets suggest public school personnel policies are inefficient and large-scale
vouchers may create important changes in practices that govern hiring, promotion and pay
among teachers.
? First, common schools districts face persistent shortages of applications in
rationing jobs in others
? Examples of this in practice
Hosby (2002) provides strong suggestive evidence charter schools and private schools do
derive public school salary schedules in just this manner.
? Definition of Charter
? Schools hire faculty with more math and science than neighboring public schools,
sectors, wages and more positive related to individual teacher’s background in
math and science.
? Results are stronger for charter schools than private schools, and comparison
public and charter schools, since public schools and charter within same districts
receive comparable finding per students.
Further “teacher effects” results public schools pay teachers given subject same wage, on
seniority and credentials, regardless of past performance.
? Hanushek (2002) makes three points on teacher quality in a…
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