Ethnic Mexicans Discussion Essay write an essay of full one page or one and half pages, using a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, on each of the fo

Ethnic Mexicans Discussion Essay write an essay of full one page or one and half pages, using a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, on each of the following questions (be sure to provide details, names, dates, examples, and page references)

Sum of 3 essays,

essay #1 on the following Question:

1) According to the lectures, why does the phrase “Foreigners in their Native Land” describe the situation of ethnic Mexicans in the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century? Discuss in relation to the Foley, as well as “The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . . .” and two other primary sources in Vargas.

essay #2 on the following Question:

2) Referring to the lectures discuss the effects of immigration on ethnic Mexicans already in the U.S. What were some of these? Consider in relation to Foley, as well as articles by Victor S. Clark, Mario T. García, and Vicki L. Ruiz in Vargas.

essay #3 on the following Question:

3) What do the following articles say about the status of women among ethnic Mexicans?– “Eulalia Pérez Remembers . . . ,” “Anglo American Stereotypes . . . ,”and “Unmarried Women of Santa Fe . . .”? Discuss thoroughly, also using material from the lectures and Mexicans in the Making of America. CHAPTER
5
Mexican Americans After the
Mexican War, 1848-1860
The mid-nineteenth-century American ideals of Manifest Destiny and national
mission were interwoven with expansionist goals that eventually led to war with
Mexico. An equally powerful belief was the migrating Anglos’ nativism, which
contributed to the persecution suffered by the early Chicano community after war.
With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which brought
the Mexican American War to a close,the United States gained possession of over
529) 89 square miles of land at the cost of some $18 million. The acquired territory
included all of Texas north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada,
parts of Colorado, and Alta (Upper) California. This meant that the United States
also extended its jurisdiction over both American Indian populations and Mexicans
living in this area. However, by establishing the civil and land rights of the Spanishspeaking inhabitants of this area, the treaty was the first formal acknowledgment of
their legal and economic status. The cession of California to the United States, as
well as the gold discoveries there and the ongoing sectional conflict, also had major
consequences for Chicanos. While American rule brought increased opportunities to
upper-class Chicanos, who often colluded with the Anglos in the ensuing land grabs,
the majority of Chicanos were lessfortunate. Why did Mexican Americans remain
preoccupied with the question of civil rights and especially land titles, when these issues had been guaranteed by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? Were local conditions, economic competition, and racial conflict the major causes of anti-Mexican
sentiment? Why did the maintaining of their former land holdings, social standing,
and prosperity remain tenuous for Mexican Americans?
“CYDOCUMENTS
On February 2, 1848, the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican American War. Document I is a copy of that treaty, which is essential for understanding the future events that unfolded for the Mexicans of the Southwest. Articles
VlII and IX concern the rights and privileges of the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of
the area. Document 2, an excerpt from a letter Secretary of State James Buchanan
135
136
Major Problems in Mexican American History
wrote to the Mexican Minister of Foreign Relalions, addresses disputed anicles related 10 issues of citizenship and land. Unfonunalely, the new American residents of
Mexican descent experienced considerable violence and discrimination followmg the
signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Individuals like Joaqufn Murieta and
Juan Cortina defended their Ownrights as well as those of the wider Mexican com.
munity. In Document 3 john Rollin Ridge examines the problems that led Murieta
into a life of banditry. Other Mexicans protesled the injustices committed against
their compatriots, inclUdingmurder and the loss of lands guaranteed them by the
treaty, In Document 4, dated 1856, the editor of the Los Angeles Spanish-language
newspaper £1 Clamor PUblico proresrs such acts of discrimination as the land seizure
and lynchings suffered by Mexicans. Among the many Americans who recorded their
Observationsand experiences in the newly acquired areas was William W. H. DavIS,
U.S. attorney for the New Mexico territory. An excerpt from his book £1 Gringo; or,
New Mexico and Her People, is reproduced as Document 5, in which the author reo
COUntsa visit Witha wealthy New Mexican family in Santa Fe in the 1850s .
. The.inability to verify Mexican ownership of land ruled public property by the
Cabfornla Slatelegislature in 1851 opened up California ranchero lands to squatters.
In.Document 6 California lawyer John Hittell discusses the liligation over the boundanes of land grants in nonhern California that arose after the 1851 law was passed.
Document 7 is the 1859 proclamation by Juan Cortina, in which he calls on his fellow
Texas
MeXIcansto
defend
themselves
WIdespreadin
the Rio
Grande
Valley. against the Anglo violence that was especially
1. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Establishes Borders, 1848
ArtiCle I
There shall be firm and universal peace between the United States of America and
the MeXIcan RepUbl’
db.
. .
.ties
lawns and people wi IC,
th. an etween the” respective countries , terntones, CJ ,
‘ lout exceptIOn of places Or persons.
Article II
Immediately upon th ‘.
d into
be
.
e
SIgnature
of
thIS
Treaty
a
convention
shall
be
entere
IWeen a CommIssion
C
..’
. Chi If of
the f
f the . er Or OmmlSSlOners appointed by the General to
ie
ernmorctes°th Unned States, and such as may be appointed by the Mexican Goven,to
eendthatap
‘.
I
I
and
that in th I
rovlSlona suspension of hostilities shall take pace,
‘I
e p aces OCcupiedby th
.d f
be established as reg d h
..
e sal orces, constitutional order may
re
.
shall permart
sdtbe
pobtIcal,
administrative,
and
judicial
branches,
so
far
as
thiS
I te y the circu I
..
.
be
ms ances of rnlbtary OCCUpatIon….
Article V
The Boundary line betwee th.
f Mex’
ico, three leagues fr
n e two Repubbcs shall commence in the Gulf 0
.
am land, OPPOsite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwIse
=—Treaty of GUadalUpe Hid I
IS47. no. 52.
I •
So, U.S. Consress. Senate Execulive Documents, 30th Cong., lst gess..
Mexican Americans After the Mexican War. 1848-1860
137
called Rio Bravo del Norte. or opposite the mouth of it’s deepest branch. if it
should have more than one branch emptying directly into the sea; from thence. up
the middle of that river. following the deepest channel. where it has more than one.
to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico; thence. westwardly. along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of
the town called Paso) to its western termination; thence. northward. along the
western line of New Mexico. until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila; (or
if it should not intersect any branch of that river. then. to the point on the said line
nearest to such branch. and thence in a direct line to the same;) thence down the
middle of the said branch and of the said river. until it empties into the Rio Colorado; thence. across the Rio Colorado. following the division line between Upper
and Lower California. to the Pacific Ocean.
The southern and western limits of New Mexico. mentioned in this Article. are
those laid down in the Map. entitled “Map of the United Mexican States, as organized and defined by various acts of the Congress of said Republic. and constructed according to the best Authorities. Revised Edition. Published at New York
in 1847 by J. Distumell:” of which Map a Copy is added to this treaty. bearing the
signatures and seals of the Undersigned Plenipotentiaries. And. in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper from
Lower California. it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a straight line.
drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila. where it unites with the Colorado. to a
point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. distant one marine league due south of the
southernmost point of the Port of San Diego. according to the plan of said port.
made in the year 1782 by Don Juan Pantoja. second sailing master of the Spanish
fleet. and published at Madrid in the year 1802. in the Atlas to the voyage of the
schooners Sutil and Mexicana: of which plan a copy is hereunto added, signed and
sealed by the respective plenipotentiaries.
In order to designate the Boundary line with due precision. upon authoritative
maps. and to establish upon the ground landmarks which shall allow the limits of
both Republics. as described in the present Article. the two Governments shall each
appoint a Commissioner and a Surveyor. who. before the expiration of one year
from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty. shall meet at the Port of
San Diego. and proceed to run and mark the said boundary in its whole course. to
the Mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte. They shall keep journals and make out plans
of their operations; and the result. agreed upon by them. shall be deemed a part of
this Treaty. and shall have the same force as if it were inserted therein. The two
Governments will amicably agree regarding what may be necessary to these persons, and also as to their respective escorts. should such be necessary.
The Boundary line established by this Article shall be religiously respected by
each of the two Republics. and no change shall ever be made therein. except by the
express and free consent of both nations. lawfully given by the General Governments of each. in conformity with its own constitution.
Article VI
The Vessels and citizens of the United States shall. in all time. have a free and uninterrupted passage by the Gulf of California. and by the River Colorado below its
138
Major Problems in Mexican American History
confluence with the Gila, to and from their possessions situated north of the
Boundary line defined in the preceding Article: it being understood, that this passage is to he by navigating the Gulf of California and the River Colorado, and not
by land, without the express consent of the Mexican Government.
If, by the examinations which may be made, it should be ascertained to be
practicable and advantageous to construct a road, canal or railway, which should,
in whole or in part, run upon the river Gila, or upon its right or its left bank, within
the space of one marine league from either margin of the river, the Governments of
hoth Repuhlics will form an agreement regarding its construction, in order that it
may serve equally for the use and advantage of both countries,
Article VII
The river Gila, and the part of the Rio Bravo del Norte lying below the southern
boundary of New Mexico, being, agreeably to the fifth Article, divided in the middle between the two Repuhlics, the navigation of the Gila and of the Bravo below
said houndary shall he free and common to the vessels and citizens of both countries; and neither shall, without the consent of the other, construct any work that
may impede or interrupt, in whole or in part, the exercise of this right: not even for
the purpose of favouring new methods of navigation, Nor shall any tax or contribution, under any denomination or title, be levied upon vessels or persons navigating
the same, or upon merchandise or effects transported thereon, except in the case
of landing upon one of their shores, If for the purpose of making the said rivers
navigable, or for maintaining them in such state, it should be necessary or advantageous to establish any tax or contribution, this shall not be done without the consent of both Governments,
, The stipulations contained in the present Article shall not impair the territorial
nghts of either Repuhlic, within its estahlished limits,
Article
VIII
Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and
which rernam for the future within the limits of the United States as defined by the
present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside,
to remove at any
time to the Mexican Rbi’
, ,
id
”
“epu
the ‘property which they possess in the sal ,
temtones,
or dlsposmg
the IC,retammg
f
d
‘ h out their” bemg subiect reo,
WIt
d an hiremovmg the proceeds wherever they please,
, e, on t IS aCCOUnt” to any contribution
tax or charge
whatever.
0;
Those who shall prefer to re
‘ , h
‘
,
, h
an d ri
ng h ts of M’
. , maIO 10 t e said temtories , may either retain t e
St a tes. B ut t h ey shall he
exican
CItizens,
underth
hI’ or ‘ acquire those of citizens of the United
from the dat f h
eo igauon to make their election within one year
e 0 t e exchange of t’ ficart
.
. In
, the saId
‘ temtOfJes
”
main
f ra hI Icatlons
‘. of thIS treaty: and those who shall reclared their int t’
‘ a ter t e expIration of that year, without having deen Ion to retam th h
f’
,
have elected to b
‘ .
e c aracter 0 Mexicans, shall be considered to
I
. ecome CItizens of the United States
n the said territories pro ert
f
‘
.
established there sh II b’ . Pya
every kind, now helonging to Mexicans, not
, a
e mVlOlably respected. The present owners, the heirs of
uu
1 e
Mexican Americans After the Mexican War, 1848-1860
139
these, and all Mexicans who may hereafter acquire said property by contract, shall
enjoy with respect to it, guaranties equally ample as if the same belonged to citizens of the United States.
Article IX
The Mexicans who, in the territories aforesaid, shall not preserve the character of
citizens of the Mexican Republic, conformably with what is stipulated in the preceding article, shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States and be admitted, at the proper time (to be judged of by the Congress of the United States) to
the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States according to the
principles of the Constitution; and in the mean time shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free
exercise of their religion without restriction.
[One of the amendments of the Senate struck out Article X.]
Article XI
Considering that a great part of the territories which, by the present Treaty, are to
be comprehended for the future within the limits of the United States, is now occupied by savage tribes, who will hereafter be under the exclusive control of the
Government of the United States, and whose incursions within the territory of
Mexico would be prejudicial in the extreme; it is solemnly agreed that all such incursions shall be forcibly restrained by the Government of the United States,
whensoever this may be necessary; and that when they cannot be prevented, they
shall be punished by the said Government, and satisfaction for the same shall be
exacted: all in the same way, and with equal diligence and energy, as if the same incursions were meditated or committed within its own territory against its own citizens.
It shall not be lawful, under any pretext whatever, for any inhabitant of the
United States, to purchase or acquire any Mexican or any foreigner residing in
Mexico, who may have been captured by Indians inhabiting the territory of either
of the two Republics, nor to purchase or acquire horses, mules, cattle or property
of any kind, stolen within Mexican territory by such Indians.
And, in the event of any person or persons, captured within Mexican Territory
by Indians, being carried into the territory of the United States, the Government of
the latter engages and binds itself in the most solemn manner, so soon as it shall
know of such captives being within its territory, and shall be able so to do, through
the faithful exercise of its influence and power, to rescue them and return them to
their country, or deliver them to the agent or representative of the Mexican Government. The Mexican Authorities will, as far as practicable, give to the Government of the United States notice of such captures; and its agent shall pay the expenses incurred in the maintenance and transmission of the rescued captives; who,
in the mean time, shall be treated with the utmost hospitality by the American authorities at the place where they may be. But if the Government of the United
States, before receiving such notice from Mexico, should obtain intelligence
through any other channel, of the existence of Mexican captives within its territory,
140
Major Problems in Mexican American History
it will proceed forthwith to effect their release and delivery to the Mexican agent,
as above stipulated.
.
For the purpose of giving to these stipulations the fullest possible efficacy,
thereby affording the security and redress demanded by their true spirit and intent,
the Government of the United States will now and hereafter pass, without unnecessary delay, and always vigilantly enforce, such laws as the nature of the subject
may require. And finally, the sacredness of this obligation shall never be lost sight
of by the said Government, when providing for the removal of the Indians from
any portion of the said territories, or for its being settled by citizens of the United
States; but on the contrary special care shall then be taken not to place its Indian
occupants under the necessity of seeking new homes, by committing those invasions which the United States have solemnly obliged themselves to restrain.
Article XII
In consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States,
as defined in the fifth Article of the present Treaty, the Government of the United
States engages to pay to that of the Mexican Republic the sum of fifteen Millions
of Dollars.
2. Secretary of State James Buchanan Reacts
to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
To His Excellency, the Minister of Foreign Relations of the Mexican Republic.
Sir: Two years have nearly passed away since our Republics have been engaged in war. Causes which it would now be vain if not hurtful to recapitulate,
have produced this calamity. Under the blessing of a kind Providence, this war, I
trust, is about to terminate, and, hereafter, instead of the two nations doing each
other all the harm they can, their mutual energies will be devoted to promote each
other’s welfare by the pursuits of peace and of commerce. I most cordially congratulate you on the cheering prospect. This will become a reality as soon as the
Mexican Government shall approve the treaty of peace between the two nations
concluded at Gaudalupe Hidalgo on the 2nd February, last, with the amendments
thereto which have been adopted by the Senate of the United States.
The President, in the exercise of his constitutional discretion, a few days after
this treaty was received, submitted it to the Senate for their consideration and advice as to its ratification. Your Excellency is doubtless aware that under the Constitution of the United States, “the advice and consent of the Senate” is necessary to
the validity of all treaties and that this must be given by a majority of two thirds of
the Senators present. Every Treaty must receive the sanction of this august Execulive Council in the manner prescribed by the Constitution, before it can be binding
on the United States.
The Senate commenced their deliberations on this Treaty on the 23rd February, last, and continued to discuss its provisions until the 10th instant (March)
From Treaties ~n~ Othu International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 5 (Washington, D.C.:
Govemment Pnntlng Office. 1937).253-257.
Mexican Americans After the Mexican War, 1848-1860
141
when they finally advised and consented to its ratification by a majority of 38 to
14. Your Excellency will perceive that a change of 4 votes taken from the majority
and added to the minority would have defeated the Treaty.
I have now the honor to transmit you a printed copy of the Treaty with a copy,
in manuscript. of the amendments and final proceedings of the Senate upon it. This
is done to hasten with as little delay as practicable the blessed consummation of
peace by placing in the possession of the Mexican Government at as early a period
as possible all the information which they may require to guide their deliberations.
In recurring to the amendments adopted by the Senate, it affords me sincere
satisfaction to observe that none of the leading features of the Treaty have been
changed. Neither the delineation of the boundaries between the two Republicsnor the consideration to be paid to Mexico for the extension of the boundaries of
the United States-nor the obligation of the latter to restrain the Indians within
their limits from committing hostilities on the territories of Mexico nor. indeed,
any other stipulation of national importance to either of the parties. has been
stricken out from the Treaty by the Senate. In all its important features, it remains
substantially as it was when it came from the hands of the negotiators.
The first amendment adopted by the Senate is to insert in Articl…
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