ALA102 ASU American Society of Landscape Architect Case Studies Summaries Hi i attached the required material please read the instructions carefully. ALA 1

ALA102 ASU American Society of Landscape Architect Case Studies Summaries Hi i attached the required material please read the instructions carefully. ALA 102 SP 2019 Landscapes and Sustainability
Student Name: ____________________
Assignment #3: Case Studies
Total points: 8 Points
Assignment due via Blackboard by 11:59pm on April 18
Assignment #3 Instructions:
Listed below are two links to websites of American Society of Landscape Architects and Landscape
Architecture Foundation case studies.
American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA)
https://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/index.html
Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF)
http://landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs
The websites include landscape architecture projects that have integrated a number of sustainable
practices and landscape performance case studies. Please select 2 cases from LAF and 2 cases from ASLA
for a total of 4 case studies from both sites and prepare a summary of each project using the format
below:
[Each case has 2 points]
A. Source: (ASLA or LAF) [0.1 point]:
B. Project name [0.1 point]:
C. Project location [0.1 point]:
D. Landscape architects/designers [0.1 point]:
E. Type of project [0.1 point]:
F. Sustainable design concepts included in the project, describe each concept in one paragraph
(minimum of 5 descriptions) [0.2 points each, 1 points available):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
G. Referring back to 10 principles of Smart Growth in Lecture 6, describe how this project meets
the design principles of Smart Growth (identify a minimum of 2 principles) [0.5 points available):
1. [Name of the Smart Growth Principle]: (describe how the project meets the criteria)
2. [Name of the Smart Growth Principle]: (describe how the project meets the criteria)
SPRING 2019 ALA 102 LANDSCAPES AND SUSTAINABILIT Y
Lecture 6
February 7, 2019
URBANIZATION IN LANDSCAPES &
SUSTAINABILITY
Chingwen Cheng, PhD, PLA, LEED AP
Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture
Senior Sustainability Scientist
The Design School

Our Story

Humanity’s Epoch : ANTHROPOCENE
URBANIZATION
URBAN SPRAWL
How has urbanization shaped landscapes?
Why sprawl and what are the impacts?
What can landscape architects do about it?
SMART GROWTH
What is urbanization?
“the process by which towns and cities are formed
and become larger as more and more people begin
living and working in central areas”
(~3:00)

Industrialization and Urbanization
Industrialization
Urbanization
Population Growth and Urbanization
World population now:
Feb. 2019
http://www.census.gov/popclock/
Aug. 2018
Jan. 2018
Feb. 2017
Sep. 2016
7th billion in
6th billion in
5th billion in
4th billion in
3rd billion in
2nd billion in
1st billion in
2011
2000
1987
1975
1960
1930
1800
World Population Trends
• World population is
growing
• Growth rate is
declining, especially
in developed
countries
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
World Population Trends
World Urbanization Trends
• Urban population
is growing (54%
in 2014 and
expected to
reach 66% in
2050)
World Urbanization
Trends
• Mega-cities with more than 10
million people are increasing in
number
• In 1900, 10 mega-cities are home to
153 million people (7% total then)
• In 2014, 28 mega-cities are home to
453 million people (12 %)
• By 2030, the world is projected to have
41 mega-cities
Source: 14th Annual Demographia World Urban Area
American Urbanization Trends
This is an urbanization map of the U.S., derived from city
lights data. Legened: urban = red, peri-urban = yellow.
Credit: NASA
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2010-10-populationtrends-climate.html#jCp
New York City 1900
Chicago 1911
HOW HAS URBANIZATION SHAPED
LANDSCAPES?
Photography by
Edward Burtynsky
http://www.edwardburtynsky.com
/site_contents/Films/Manufacture
d_Landscapes_Film.html
OIL by Edward Burtynsky – Artist’s Statement
“When I first started photographing industry it was out of a sense of awe at what we as a species were up to. Our
achievements became a source of infinite possibilities. But time goes on, and that flush of wonder began to turn.
The car that I drove cross-country began to represent not only freedom, but also something much more conflicted. I
began to think about oil itself: as both the source of energy that makes everything possible, and as a source of
dread, for its ongoing endangerment of our habitat.
Oil Fields #19ab Belridge, California, USA, 2003
I wanted to represent one of the most significant features of this century: the automobile. The automobile is the
main basis for our modern industrial world, giving us a certain freedom and changing our world dramatically. The
automobile was made possible because of the invention of the internal combustion engine and its utilization of
both oil and gasoline. The raw material and the refining process contained both the idea and an interesting visual
component for me.”
While arriving only recently in Earth’s timeline, humans are driving major
changes to the planet’s ecosystems. Even now, the basic requirements for
human life—air, water, shelter, food, nature and culture—are being rapidly
transformed by the billions of people on the planet.
These changes have become so noticeable on a global scale that
scientists believe we are living in a new chapter in Earth’s story:
smithsonian
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/age-humans-living-anthropocene-180952866/
URBAN SPRAWL
New York City 1900s
Garden City Movement
• Reaction to poor living and
working conditions resulting
from industrialization
• Better surroundings,
Improved worker attitude and
health  Benefits to industry
• New town planning concepts
• Visionaries – Robert Owen,
Cadbury Brothers, Lever
Brothers, Ebaneezer Howard
Ebenezer Howard (1898) To-morrow: a
Peaceful Path to Real Reform (reissued
in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow)
Howard’s Garden City Concept
Howard put forth designs for a
“social city” that attempted to
bridge between the individualist
(capitalist) system of the time
and the ideals of democratic
socialism that were gaining
political impetus, with Trade
Unions, Co-operatives and
ideas of communal land
protection
9 Principles:
1. Town-country
2. Transportation
3. Limited size
4. Land held in trust
5. Control of Planning
6. Wards
7. Spaciousness
8. Industrial employment
9. Dispersal of towns
Population Density
Garden City: 30pp/acre
Phoenix: 5pp/acre
NYC: 42pp/acre
Est 1903
Urban Sprawl
• Baby boomers after WWII
• Zoning laws
• Subsidies on housing and Auto
Industry
• The Interstate Highway System
(62 days to cross the USA in
1919): 1956 bill signed by
President Eisenhower
• Automobile dependency
• Planned communities
• Class segregations
Detroit’s Davison Freeway, under construction (top) in December,
1941, and opening to traffic (bottom) on November 24, 1942 —
almost fifteen years before the Interstate Highway Act.
Urban Sprawl
• Levittown:
• First planned community
in Hempstead Town,
Long Island, New York
• Developed between
1946 and 1951 by the
firm of Levitt and Sons,
Inc.
Urban Sprawl Impacts
• Ecological/Environmental
• Social/Cultural
• Economic
Sustainability
System
Environment
Equity
Economics
(modified from Lowe, 1994)
Ecological Impacts
• Land consumption
• Deforestation
• Loss of Wetlands
• Soil erosion / Land slide hazards
• Energy consumption
• Water consumption
• Over extraction and consumption
• Desertification
• Loss of Biodiversity
• Habitat loss and fragmentation
• Introduce exotic species
Ecological
Ecological
Land Use Change
Las Vegas
Phoenix
(Wu et al., 2011)
Environmental Impacts
Ecological
• Land pollution and compaction
• Soil compaction
• Soil contamination
• Water pollution
• Non-point source pollution
• Combined sewer overflow
• Air pollution
• Pollution from automobile
• Urban Heat Island effect
• Lack of vegetation that traps air
pollutants and produces oxygen
• Contribute to Green House Gas
emissions and climate change
• Loss of natural regulation for
floods, droughts, fires, and
climate
Flash Floods Swamp Duluth, Minn.
June 21, 2012, TIME
Water pollution
Ecological
Social Impacts
• Health
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asthma
Allergy
Obesity
Cancer
Stress / Depression
Car accidents
Heat strokes
• Justice
• Class Segregation
• Environmental justice
• Community displacement
• Social Life
• Increased commute time
• Loss of sense of a
community/place
Social
Economic Impact
• Increased cost on infrastructure
development (include public
expenditure)
• Loss of small family business
• Increased racial and economic
disparities
Economic
“Little Boxes,” a song written and composed by Malvina Reynolds in 1962

Lyrics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUwUp-D_VV0
HOW SHALL WE GROW?
Sustainable Design: Where
Landscape Architecture takes the lead
Smart Growth
http://www.smartgrowth.org/
https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth
https://smartgrowthamerica.org/
Smart Growth 10 Principles
1. Mix land uses
2. Compact development and building design
3. Create a range of housing opportunities
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
and choices
Create walkable neighborhoods
Foster distinctive, attractive communities
with a strong sense of place
Preserve open space, farmland, natural
beauty, and critical environmental areas
Strengthen and direct development
towards existing communities
Provide a variety of transportation choices
Make development decisions predictable,
fair, and cost effective
Encourage community and stakeholder
collaboration in development decisions
Hamilton, Ohio
Riverfront Park, Newark, NJ
1. Mix land uses
• A parcel of land that can be developed for multiple uses
rather than single use (e.g., residential, commercial,
industrial, recreational)
Phoenix North Area
Chicago, Illinois
Taipei, Taiwan
Tempe, Arizona
Berlin, Germany
2. Compact Development
Aims for a more efficient use of land through higher-density planning and design. It
can be applied in new urban development as well as redevelopment projects such
as infill or brownfield development. To conserve land. To promote livability,
walkability, and transportation efficiency, including reduced vehicle distance
traveled.
Compact Urbanism – False Creek, Vancouver, Canada
Ted Cook
Ted Cook
Ted Cook
Ted Cook
Vancouver, Canada
Taipei, Taiwan
3. Create a range of housing opportunities
and choices
• Single-family detached homes, town homes, carriage
homes, garden-style apartments, senior housing, etc.
• Mixed income housing, affordable housing
• Universal access
Housing Affordability
• “Families who pay more than 30 percent of their income
for housing are considered cost burdened and may have
difficulty affording necessities such as food, clothing,
transportation and medical care. An estimated 12 million
renter and homeowner households now pay more than 50
percent of their annual incomes for housing. A family with
one full-time worker earning the minimum wage cannot
afford the local fair-market rent for a two-bedroom
apartment anywhere in the United States ” – US
Department of Housing and Urban Department (HUD)
https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/comm_planning/affordablehousing/
Gentrification
: the process of repairing and rebuilding homes
and businesses in a deteriorating area (such as an
urban neighborhood) accompanied by an influx of
middle-class or affluent people and that often
results in the displacement of earlier, usually
poorer residents – Merriam-Webster
Often result in less
affordable housing
4. Create walkable neighborhoods
• Transit-oriented development,
or TOD, is a type of
community development that
includes a mixture of housing,
office, retail and/or other
amenities integrated into a
walkable neighborhood and
located within a half-mile of
quality public transportation
Source: Walker, 2011. TCQSM Chapter 3, Appendix A, p. 3-93
•
New Urbanism / Neo Traditional Neighborhood
• Seaside, Florida, the first
planned community based on
new urbanism principles
designed by Andres Duany &
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
(DPZ)
•
Critiques:
o Leap frog development
o Unaffordable
o Gentrification concerns for
redeveloped neighborhoods
• McKenzie Towne, Calgary, Canada
Ted Cook
Ted Cook
Ted Cook
https://www.walkscore.com/walkable-neighborhoods.shtml
5. Foster distinctive, attractive
communities with a strong sense of place
At an urban farm in Philadelphia. (Tony Fischer / Flickr)
• Co-housing, Saettdamen, Denmark
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/cohousingcommunities-help-prevent-social-isolation/
Rocky Hill Cohousing, Northampton, MA
http://www.rockyhillcohousing.org/
Ted Cook
Ted Cook
• Slow Cities – Cittaslow, Seferihisar, Turkey
Ted Cook
Go-Slow City
Seferihisar , Turkey
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7rT0lHzfWQ
Car-Free City

Ted Cook
• Eco-Village
• Systems
thinking and
design
• Self-sufficient
• Zero-Waste
• Zero-Carbon
0.16 ac vs. 2 ac conventional agricultural practices
© RegenVillages
http://www.treehugger.com/culture/housing-development-designed-be-fully-self-sufficient-energy-food-waste.html
• Kuppersbusch Housing, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Ted Cook
Ted Cook
6. Peserve open space, farmland, natural
beauty, and critical environmental areas
Baldwin Park, Orlando
•
Conservation / Cluster Development
To allow residential, or even commercial, development while still protecting the area’s
environmental features, allowing for more open space, and protecting farmland and the
character of rural communities.
• Prairie Crossing, Illinois
7. Strengthen and direct development
towards existing communities
• Uptown District, San Diego, California
8. Provide a variety of safe and equitable
transportation choices
Vancouver, Canada (photo by Chingwen Cheng)
India
http://www.bharatonline.com/punjab/travel-tips/local-transport.html
Baldwin Park,
Florida
Phoenix, Arizona
• Complete Streets
Complete Streets are streets for everyone. They are designed and operated to enable safe
access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and transit riders of all ages
and abilities. Complete Streets make it easy to cross the street, walk to shops, and bicycle to
work. They allow buses to run on time and make it safe for people to walk to and from train
stations.
https://smartgrowthamerica.org/resources/dangerous-by-design-2019/
9. Make development decisions predictable, fair,
and cost effective
10. Encourage community and stakeholder
collaboration in development decisions
• Ensure transparent participatory process
• Participatory budgeting case study in Guanxi, Taiwan
HOW SHALL WE GROW?
A Vision
A Vision: Make no little plans
“Make no little plans;
they have no magic to stir
men’s blood and probably
themselves will not be
realized. Make big plans;
aim high in hope and
work, remembering that a
noble, logical diagram
once recorded will never
die, but long after we are
gone be a living thing,
asserting itself with evergrowing insistency.
Remember that our sons
and our grandsons are
going to do things that
would stagger us. Let your
watchword be order and
your beacon beauty.”
Daniel Burnham (1846-1912)

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