ENGR101 West Virginia University Solar Water Heater Technical Report Draft report section(s) should include the below given sections (Technical Report Temp

ENGR101 West Virginia University Solar Water Heater Technical Report Draft report section(s) should include the below given sections (Technical Report Template should be followed):

Background (combined of all team members)
Methodology
Test Results from first design

For the result section, you can come up with any numbers that seem reasonable. i will edit them later

i will attach 2 background researches and you can combine and paste both for the background section

for Methodology, it is basically a box that was built using aluminum roll then, using the light from sun, and a magnifying lens, the box should be reflecting the light coming from the lens which will heat the water that is inside the aluminum box. i will also attach the technical report template and rubric so you can follow instructions.

Result should include 5 trials and a neat and formatted table with proper headings, number of rows and columns

______________

i selected 1 page because you don’t need to write more than that, you should use the background researches provided therefore the total number of pages should be around 9-10 pages Running Head: SOLAR WATER HEATER
1
Solar Water Heater
Name
Introduction
SOLAR WATER HEATER
2
Solar Water Heater
The increase in world population, depletion of fossil fuels, and the need for sustainability
has resulted in increased focus on solar energy. According to Shelke et al. (2014), solar is the
most promising alternative energy source. Thus, in our project, we endeavor to design a solar
water heating system to be used mainly in residential areas and also for industrial purposes. With
our low-cost invention, we intend to reduce the demand for fossil fuels by 20%.
A typical solar water heating system comprises three main components: solar collector,
storage tank, and the thermal fluid. Key factors such as the cost, ambient temperature, intensity
of the solar radiation, and temperature requirements to be attained have to be considered in sizing
a solar water heating system. Most of the design work will, therefore, be geared towards
developing the solar collector.
Shelke et al. (2014) reviewed the three common techniques used in collecting solar
power. These are flat plate, evacuated tubes, and concentrated solar collectors. For the flat plate,
the flow tubes are placed between a clear plate and a dark absorber plate. Based on the
simplicity, it is commonly used for domestic water heating where efficiency and performance are
not demanding (Leonard et al., 2017). The evacuated tube collectors are better alternatives to the
flat plate. They are suitable for use where the expected light intensity is low, yet higher water
temperatures are needed. The other alternative is the use of concentrating collectors, which are
more efficient and provide the highest temperatures.
Based on literature review, we will opt for the concentrating collectors. According to the
report by the Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center (SESEC), multiple
concentrator configurations can be adopted for directing solar radiations onto the receiver, as
SOLAR WATER HEATER
3
shown in figure 1 below. The pipes containing the thermal fluid have to be placed at the focal
point for maximum absorption and conversion of solar energy. The research by SESEC shows
the significance of the geometric concentration ratio (the ratio of aperture of the collector Aa to
the surface area of the receiver Ar) in the efficiency of a given configuration. Thus, the parabolic
concentrator gives the best performance with regards to efficiency.
Figure 1: Different configurations of reflectors
Further study and review by Amit et al. (2018) shows the influence of other factors on the
performance of a parabolic concentrator. By review of literature, the authors give summary of
the results from various studies. Some of the key parameters influencing the performance of the
parabolic concentrator are mass flow rate of water in the tube, the coating on the absorber,
absorber tube temperature, and the influence of tracking. Figure 2 below shows a typical set up
using the parabolic concentrator.
SOLAR WATER HEATER
Figure 2: Parabolic concentrator (Shekle et al., 2014)
Our project will focus on designing the parabolic reflector and the absorber. The length
of the reflector and tube will be determined by theoretical calculations that will size our system
to be capable of increasing the temperature of 1 liter of water by 50 °C in 5 minutes. The main
challenges in the project will be designing the parabolic reflector based on the equation of a
parabola (y = ax2), determining the focal point, and selecting suitable reflective and absorbent
materials.
4
SOLAR WATER HEATER
5
References
Bhakta, A., Panday, N., & Singh, S. (2018). Performance study of a cylindrical parabolic
concentrating solar water heater with nail type twisted tape inserts in the copper absorber
tube. Energies, 11(1), 204.
Peris, L. S., Shekh, M. A. A., & Sarker, I. (2017, December). Flat plate solar collector for water
pre-heating using concentrated solar power (CSP). In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol.
1919, No. 1, p. 020021). AIP Publishing.
Shelke, V. G., Patil, C. V., & Sontakke, K. R. (2014). Solar water heating systems: A review.
vol, 3, 13-17.
Trieb, F. (2006). Concentrating solar power now. DLR, Berlin, Germany.
Winter, C. J., Sizmann, R. L., & Vant-Hull, L. L. (Eds.). (2012). Solar power plants:
fundamentals, technology, systems, economics. Springer Science & Business Media.
Isaac Boyce
Engr 101
Tulasi Gadde
June 9, 2019
The following information in the research below is regarding the implication of using
solar power to heat water. The properties of water are discussed such as state, specific heat
capacity, density, and the retention of heat in water. The structure itself holding the water is
discussed with different elements and a variety of configurations. Metals, nonmetals with
coatings and other materials are discussed with the different properties and the advantages.
The properties of water are consistent of many different things and the net charge of a
water molecule is zero. The water molecule is polar due to its shape and has a very high heat
capacity (Properties of Water). Water takes the form of solid, liquid, and gas. The solid form of
water is ice, the liquid form of water is water, and the gas form of water is steam. Water retains
heat for much longer than the earth and bodies of water moderate temperature. The density of
water is unusual, and the solid form is less dense than the liquid form. If ice was denser than the
liquid form, lakes and rivers would freeze from the bottom and kill all of the aquatic life would
perish.
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature
of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. One calorie raises the temperature of one
gram of water by one degree Celsius. One calorie is equal to 4.18 Joules and the specific heat is
4.18 Joules per gram per degree Celsius (ClassZone). Water has a very high specific heat value
unlike iron with .45 Joules per gram per degree Celsius or Glass with an amount of .66 Joules per
gram per degree Celsius (ClassZone). With a high specific heat value water needs a large amount
of energy to obtain the desired temperature but can retain heat for a prolonged period of time.
Water can absorb a great deal of energy which is important to raise the temperature of a solar
water heater.
Solar water heating consists of two different types are Direct circulation and Indirect
circulation. Direct circulation pumps household water through collectors and into house to be
used. The Indirect circulation pump uses a non-freezing heat transfer fluid pumped through the
collectors and a heat exchanger (Energy.gov). The fluid pumped through heat exchanger heats
the water that is the tank and then the water flows into the house. To have an efficient and
effective water storage tank it must be insulated. Flat-Plate collectors are insulated weatherproof
boxes that contain a dark absorber plates under one or more glass or plastic covers. Another
collection system is an Integral collector-storage system that uses one or more black tanks or
tubes in an insulated glazed box (Energy.gov). Water passes through the solar collector which
preheats the water before it is placed in the storage tank. The Evacuated Tube solar collectors
feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes with each tube having a glass outer tube and a
metal absorber tube attached to a fin (Energy.gov). The fins coating absorbs solar energy but
inhibits radiative heat loss.
Materials that absorb and reflect heat are important for solar water heating and the
composition of the materials is important. Metals such as copper and aluminum have high
thermal conductivity and heat spreads rapidly through metals (Papiewski). Nonmetal such as
bricks, concrete and stone are good absorbers of solar energy but also very heavy. Other
nonmetals such as plastic and wood covered with reflective coating may be suitable for solar
energy captivation. Molten salt is used as a medium to store and gather heat from the sun. The
salt absorbs the heat from the sun and is capable of storing the heat with the help of an insulated
tank to keep the water warm (Papiewski).
References
ClassZone. “McDougal Littell ClassZone.” ClassZone, www.classzone.com/cz/index.htm.
http://www.classzone.com/vpg_ebooks/sci_sc_6/accessibility/sci_sc_6/page_393.pdf
Papiewski, John. “Materials That Absorb & Reflect Solar Energy.” Education, 21 Nov. 2017,
education.seattlepi.com/materials-absorb-reflect-solar-energy-6797.html.
https://education.seattlepi.com/materials-absorb-reflect-solar-energy-6797.html
Properties of Water, www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/water/water.html.
http://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/water/water.html
“Solar Water Heaters.” Energy.gov, www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-waterheaters.
https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters
WVU ENGR 101 Technical Report Rubric
Updated Fall 2018
Team: ____________
Task
Points
possible
OVERALL IMPRESSION (16pts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Body text 12 size font, double spaced, one inch margins
Headings for each section are clear and present
No first person narrative and uses passive voice
Use of past tense in each section
Figures numbered and captioned; tables are numbered and titled
Figures and tables discussed in text and not just there as a picture
Diagrams and graphs look professional and are clearly labeled (axis titles, units, lines to connect
dots when needed, trend lines when needed, clear)
All figures are professional and relevant to the problem (no clip art)
Proper and appropriate grammar and spelling are used throughout
Explains all necessary equations and variables. Equations are listed properly using equation editor
Page numbering correct throughout. No page number on title page. Abstract is on page “i”, table
of contents on page “ii”. Introduction begins page “1”
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
FRONT MATTER (11 points)
TITLE PAGE (2 pts)
1. Meaningful title for the project, size 26
2. Authors listed alphabetically by last name (family name)
Class name and section number listed
3. Submitted to:
Instructor’s name listed
Affiliation listed (Fundamentals of Engineering and Statler information)
Date submitted
ABSTRACT (5 pts)
1. What was done and why it was done
2. How the work was conducted
3. Results and major conclusions
TABLE OF CONTENTS (4 pts)
1. Section titles listed in order of appearance in the report. Each section has a number that
corresponds to order in this rubric as shown in template
2. Pages, headings and subheadings match the report and are listed
3. List of Figures formatted like the rest of the table of contents
4. List of Tables formatted like the rest of the table of contents
5. List of Equations formatted like the rest of the table of contents
1
0.5
0.5
1
2
2
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
INTRODUCTION (14 pts)
Introduction (3 pts)
1. Appropriately describes the project purpose and need
Problem Statement and Objective (3 pts)
1. States the problem that needs to be solved
2. States the objectives that should be accomplished
Background / Literature Review (8 pts)
1. Summarizes relevant literature (research)
Check the assignment to see what research you should be doing for this part. The idea here is to
set the stage for the reader to completely understand your report.
2. Tells what research or experimentation on this topic has been done in the past
3. Proper use of in-text citations (author’s last name page number).
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
3
1
2
3
2
3
Points
earned
WVU ENGR 101 Technical Report Rubric
Updated Fall 2018
METHODS and MATERIALS (14 pts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Team: ____________
Describes how design work was conducted (able to recreate project from this description)
Describes how experiments were conducted
No bullets, all in paragraph form, but uses proper subheadings to organize the section
Describes and shows pictures and technical drawings of the apparatus (minimum of 3)
5
3
2
4
RESULTS (10 pts)
1.
2.
All results from project/testing are discussed and correct
Presents all results of testing in words along with tables and graphs. Figures and tables are used
to help support the results described and are NOT just thrown into this section without
explanation in the body text (captions are not enough)
6
4
DISCUSSION (16 pts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Addresses the meaning of the results. Including analysis and interpretation of the data. Explain
how experimental results compare with theoretical data or hypothesis.
This is not just a place to restate the results or methods. Explain what the results mean and
similarities/deviations between analysis methods, where applicable.
Consideration of Public Health, Safety and Welfare
Consideration of Global Factors
Consideration of Cultural Factors
Consideration of Social Factors
Consideration of Environmental Factors
Consideration of Economic Factors
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
CONCLUSIONS (10 pts)
Conclusion (5 pts)
1. Summarizes the major results
2. Answers the problem statement
Recommendations and Future Work (5 pts)
1. Lists future work in the subject area and applications elsewhere
2. Improvements on the current design or experiment
(note this is not a place where you tell the reader you “should have taken better/more accurate
data”)
3
2
2
3
REFERENCES (6 pts)
1.
2.
Each reference is listed and list is in alphabetical order
Proper MLA formatting for each resource. Here is an example…
Kolata, Gina. “Who Needs Hard Drives? Scientists Store Film Clip in DNA.” New York Times. New
York Times, 12 July 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/science/filmclip-stored- in-dna.html
2
4
APPENDICES (3 pts)
1.
Has appropriate and requested appendix/appendices are required for the project.
3
TOTAL
Comments:
100
Team Number: Group #4
Team Members: Suaod Mohammed, Ali Al Gawahmed, Isaac Boyce
Class / Section Number: ENGR 101-001
Project Title: Solar Heater
Introduction:
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to capture the solar energy created by the sun to
heat one liter of water.
Background:
Concept and Equations: The concept of specific heat is very important regarding that it
takes one calorie to raise the temperature of the water one degree Celsius. One calorie
is equal to 4.18 joules of energy.
?? = ?? ? ?? ? ???
M = mass of material
C = specific heat value
?T = temperature change that occurs
Concept of capturing and concentrating the solar rays for the heating of the water is
important.
Testing Methodology:
Materials: The testing instruments needed are a thermometer and a clock to keep track
of the time.
The team has access to these instruments.
Method: How will you test your device? The method of testing this device is to place the
solar water heater under the light provided and calculate the temperature change that
takes place. There will be 2-5 test in the first iteration to determine the angle that best
magnifies the rays of light for the maximum heating ability. The necessary data will be
recorded every 30 seconds during a 5-minute span and will be recorded in a table in
Excel. Then the final iteration will take as many tests necessary until the solar water
heater starts to produce the same results.
Goal:
The goal for improvement between the first and second iteration is to achieve a higher
concentration and maximize the efficiency of the environment for the heating of the
water.
There are risk factors such as when the water temperature reaches above 49 degrees
Celsius that could cause serious burns and any other temperature above that could
cause 3rd degree burn for exposure less than 2 seconds. Another factor is the intensity of
the heat that radiates from the light could burn someone on impact. The light rays being
transmitted from the light could blind a person as well as the light reflecting off the solar
water heater could blind as well.
Safety: What are the risk factors, or safety concerns, are expected for the testing?
Results:
Testing Data:
The testing data will be displayed in a neat excel table with headers and rows and be
labeled on the axis.
The following table is an example of the method of display.
Model 1 Test 1
Model 1 Test 2
Model 2 Test 1
Time
Temperature
(seconds) (°C)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Time
Temperature
(seconds) (°C)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Time
Temperature
(seconds) (°C)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
(Example: a neat and formatted table with proper headings, number of rows and
columns as required)

Purchase answer to see full
attachment