SOC 371 UW Sociology of human sexuality essay Prompt: Integration Essay #1 Compare, contrast and Address the core teachings/argument/theme in Wick’s and Se

SOC 371 UW Sociology of human sexuality essay Prompt: Integration Essay #1 Compare, contrast and Address the core teachings/argument/theme in Wick’s and Seman’s THE GOOD VIBRATIONS GUIDE TO SEX and integrate it with Mottier’s SEXUALITY, A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION, Lisa Wade’s AMERICAN HOOKUP and the class videos,(for example, WHAT KIDS WANT TO KNOW ABOUT SEX, KINSEY, SECRETS OF SEXUAL SURROGATE, MALE SEXUAL ANATOMY, ETC). Be comprehensive but also specific and precise. Use proper citation machinery ASA Format.Note to writer:I cannot upload all the books here for some reason. please give me an email so i can send you the ebooks. I think the books only work on Macbooks (epub) Sexuality: A Very Short Introduction
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EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN
Paul Langford
THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball
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THE EUROPEAN UNION
John Pinder and Simon Usherwood
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THE FIRST WORLD WAR
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FOUCAULT Gary Gutting
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
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GERMAN LITERATURE Nicholas Boyle
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RUSSIAN LITERATURE Catriona Kelly
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
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Jussi M. Hanhimäki
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Véronique Mottier
Sexuality
A Very Short Introduction
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
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Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press
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Published in the United States
by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
? Véronique Mottier 2008
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
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First published 2008
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate
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outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Mottier, Véronique.
Sexuality: a very short introduction / Véronique Mottier.
p. cm. – (Very short introductions)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-19-929802-0
1. Sex. 2. Sex–History. 3. Women and erotica. 4. Sex–Political aspects. I. Title.
HQ12.M68 2008
306. 709–dc22
2008000937
ISBN 978-0-19-929802-0
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Printed in Great Britain by
Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of illustrations xi
Introduction 1
1
2
3
4
5
Before sexuality 3
The invention of sexuality 25
Virgins or whores? Feminist critiques of sexuality 49
The state in the bedroom 75
The future of sex 99
References and further reading 128
Index 143
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgements
Parts of this book were ?rst developed in conjunction with my
lecture series on ‘Sexuality and Social Exclusion’, ‘Sexuality and
the Dynamics of Intimacy’, and ‘Gender, Sexualities and the State’
at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences and the Centre for
Gender Studies of the University of Cambridge between 1999
and 2008. Many thanks to students and other audiences for
their probing questions and feedback. The book also draws upon
some of my previous research, which was ?nancially supported
by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 61-66003.01
and 3346-61710.00). I thank Jesus College, Cambridge, and the
Institute of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Lausanne,
for institutional support.
I am deeply grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from
Max Bergman, Lucy Bland, Terrell Carver, Clare Chambers,
Jackie Clackson, John Cornwell, Christine Delphy, Rebecca
Flemming, Peter Garnsey, Natalia Gerodetti, Anthony Giddens,
Simon Goldhill, Geoff Harcourt, Wendy Harcourt, Tim Jenkins,
Gerry Kearns, Duncan Kelly, Philippa Levine, Juliet Mitchell,
Helen Morales, Martine Moret, Ilja Mottier, Yannis Papadaniel,
Patricia Roux, Rupert Russell, Janet Soskice, Bernard Voutat,
and Hans Wijngaards. I am also grateful to James Thompson,
Andrea Keegan, and Marsha Filion from Oxford University
Press for suggesting and supporting this project; and to Olaf
Henricson-Bell and Alyson Silverwood for copy-editing the text.
It goes without saying that on such contested terrain, the views of
the above are not necessarily re?ected in this volume. Last but not
least, many thanks to my husband James Clackson for numerous
scholarly as well as other contributions.
List of illustrations
1
Winged phallus 8
National Archaeological Museum,
Naples. Photo © Giovanni
Lattanzi/ArchArt
2 Impotence in the Middle
Ages: depiction from Gratian’s
‘Decretum’ 21
The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore
(W. 133, fol. 277)
3 Monument to Dr Thomas
Legge, Gonville and Caius
College Chapel, Cambridge 23
© The Estate of Wim Swaan
4 Victorian anti-masturbation
devices 29
The Wellcome Library, London
5
Chastity belt for women 30
The Wellcome Library, London
6 Feminist demonstration
against pornography 67
© Bettmann/Corbis
7
Japanese sex aids, 1830 71
The Wellcome Library, London
8 Aids-prevention poster 81
Grev Hunt/www.aidsposters.org
9 Eugenic marriage counselling,
1930s 93
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Archives
10 Gay liberation, New York,
1970 101
© JP Laffront/Sygma/Corbis
11 Gay liberation, London,
1971 103
© Empics Sports Photo Agency
12 Depiction of women at play,
19th century, India 118
The Wellcome Library, London
13 Viagra advertisement 122
© P?zer/The Impotence Association/
The Advertising Archives
The publisher and the author apologize for any errors or omissions in the
above list. If contacted they will be pleased to rectify these at the earliest
opportunity.
This page intentionally left blank
Introduction
Sex is everywhere in the modern world. We are surrounded by
a cacophony of advice columns, celebrities, agony aunts, chat
shows, TV evangelists, therapists, women’s and men’s magazines,
and self-help literature which tells us how to conduct our
intimate relationships. Sexual imagery is used to sell us everyday
products such as cars or clothes, or to sell sex itself, while sex aids,
porn, and potential sex partners – real or virtual – are just one
click away on the Internet. Modernity is a world populated by
people who de?ne themselves as gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual,
bi-curious, exhibitionists, submissives, dominatrixes, swingers
(people who engage in partner exchange), switchers (people who
change from being gay to being straight or vice versa), traders (gay
men who have sex with straight men), born-again virgins (people
who have, technically, lost their virginity but pledge to renounce
sex until marriage), acrotomophiliacs (people who are sexually
attracted to amputees), furverts (or furries – people who dress
up in animal suits and derive sexual excitement from doing so),
or feeders (people who overfeed their, generally obese, partners).
The important point here is that we draw on these categories in
order to make sense of who we are: we de?ne ourselves in part
through our sexuality. How have we come to believe that sex
is so important to who we are? As we shall see in this volume,
this linking of ‘sexuality’, understood as the way in which people
experience their bodies, pleasures, and desires, with sexual
1
Sexuality
identity is in fact a modern phenomenon, which has emerged
only in the course of the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe. That
is not to say that people did not engage in sexual activities before
modernity. Rather, the way in which people made sense of their
erotic experiences was radically different from contemporary
understandings of sexuality.
Sex is a cultural object. Just as the differences between men and
women cannot be reduced to biological factors alone, but are more
adequately understood in terms of the concept of ‘gender’ which
takes into account the social meanings that different societies
attach to masculinity and femininity, sexuality is not a natural,
biological, universal experience. The ways in which different
cultures and different time periods have made sense of erotic
pleasures and dangers vary widely. Sexuality is shaped by social
and political forces and connects in important ways to relations
of power around class, race, and, especially, gender. Indeed, this
book will demonstrate that sex, gender, and sexuality are closely
intertwined; cultural understandings of sexuality have been
structured by normative ideas about masculinity and femininity,
in other words, ‘proper’ ways for men and women to behave.
Against this backdrop, this volume will explore social and
political meanings and struggles around sexuality in modernity,
primarily – though not exclusively – in the West. The main focus
will thus not be on people’s concrete sexual practices, but rather
on raising sexuality as a social and political question. Chapter 1
examines historical ways of thinking about sex, focusing on ideas
developed in antiquity and Christianity, while Chapter 2 analyses
theories, controversies, and disagreements around models of
sexuality in modernity. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 further elaborate the
main theme of sexuality as a site of social and political struggle,
by focusing on challenges ‘from below’ in the form of feminist
critiques of sexuality (Chapter 3), the regulation of sexuality
‘from above’ by the state (Chapter 4), and gay politics, religious
fundamentalist mobilizations, and the future of sex (Chapter 5).
2
Chapter 1
Before sexuality
Male lions don’t desire male lions, because lions don’t do
philosophy.
ps-Lucian, c. 4th century AD
Sex in the ancient world
In Plato’s Symposium, Aristophanes tells a story about the origins
of human beings. According to his myth, humans descend from
creatures who had spherical bodies, genitals on the outside,
four hands and feet, two faces each, and were divided into three
genders: one group had two male genitals; the second group
had two female genitals; and the third group, hermaphrodites,
had one of each. Over time, the creatures became arrogant and
uppity. To punish them, Zeus split them in two. In that state, they
clung to their other halves, dying from hunger and self-neglect
because ‘they did not like to do anything apart’. Zeus took pity
on them, and invented a new plan, moving their genitals so that
they could have sexual relations with each other. Each of us is a
half of a human being, and each seeks his or her other half. Men
who are split from the hermaphrodite desire women; women who
descend from a female creature ‘do not care for men, but have
female attachments’; and men who are split from a male body
prefer to pursue males, and in their boyhood ‘enjoy lying with
3
Sexuality
and embracing men … because they have the most manly nature,
and … rejoice in what is like themselves’.
Aristophanes’ speech became a famous myth of origin, but what
does it mean? At ?rst sight, it seems to suggest that the ancient
Greeks thought that some people desired only members of their
own sex. Many classicists disagree, however, and point out that
it is not for nothing that Plato has Aristophanes, the comic poet
who is always coming up with the most outrageous, playfully
ironic, and ultimately absurd suggestions such as a parliament
of birds or women entering politics, tell this story. Certainly, for
most Graeco-Romans, the idea of classifying people according
to the gender of the person they have sex with would have
seemed downright bizarre. Antiquity was not a culture of sexual
libertarianism. Sexual morality was highly regulated by moral
and legal rules. However, moral preoccupations centred on sexual
practices, not on the subject of desire. The ancients did not make
sense of themselves in terms of sexual identities, whereas the
policing of gender identity was of central importance to them, as
we shall see. Consider the contrast with the ways in which modern
subjects make sense of their sexual experiences. Categories such as
heterosexual and homosexual are a central source upon which we
draw in order to make sense of our own sexuality. It is in this sense
that the classical world has been described as a world ‘before
sexuality’ by historians such as Michel Foucault, Paul Veyne,
David Halperin, or John Winkler. The ways in which sex was
conceptualized and the cultural meanings that were attached to it
were radically different from today.
Sexual culture was far from homogeneous across the ancient
world. Substantial regional and historical variations existed,
which cannot be done justice to in the format of the present
short introduction. In this section, therefore, we will concentrate
primarily on classical Athens and Rome. Taking a closer look at
the ways in which ancient Athenians and Romans made sense of
sex will provide a useful backdrop and contrast against which
4
we can draw out critical questions about sex in the modern
world.
Sexual culture was closely intertwined with notions of sex and
gender. Medical knowledge of the time saw bodies as fragile,
consisting of liquids in a precarious balance affected by age, diet,
and lifestyle. Ageing and, ultimately, death was understood as
a process of cooling and drying out of the body. Consequently,
cultural preoccupations emerged with diet and other ways of
maintaining a healthy equilibrium of ?uids within the body.
Following Galen, the 2nd-century AD Roman author of medical
treatises, gender was similarly understood as a ?uid state. Men
were seen as active, hot, and strong; women as passive, weak,
damp, and cold, losing body heat and vital energy through leakage
5
Before sexuality
Classical Athenian sexual culture must be located in its social and
political context. Greek society was based on the political and
social rule of a small elite of adult male citizens; citizen women
and children occupied a socially sub…
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