psychology( National Institute of Drug Abuse) Homework Help

Topic: psychology( National Institute of Drug Abuse)

Order Description

Search the NIDA (National Institute of Drug Abuse) website for information on a particular drug.

Summarize the information you found and include any web aIDresses.

Tell me what you thought of the site.

You can find the NIDA website at www.drugabuse.gov

Your paper should be at least 1 page double-spaced using APA format.

APA Handout
Dr. Kamilar

Marty is a diabetic who lost his vision two months ago. He experiences nonthreatening hallucinations known as _____ sights. phantom

Tinnitus is a (n) _____ phantom limb sensation. auditory

Infant rats deprived of their mothers’ grooming touch produce less growth hormone and have a lower _____ rate. metabolic

A jury is deliberating in a room that had just freshly painted the day before. The room was still giving off a strong paint odor. It is more likely that the jury will render a(n) _____ verdict. harsh

initiate the sensation of pain. Noclceptors
Kamea has always had a bad back. Lately she has been experiencing a great deal of pain in her lower back. Her experience of pain is in part the result of her _____ about pain. expectation

APA format can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association – 5th ed. (American Psychological Association, 2001).  You should use the directions for manuscript preparation to be submitted for publication (journal articles) from the manual.

The following information is abbreviated from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association – 5th ed. (American Psychological Association, 2001).

General Directions: McGurk

Font – 12 pt Times Roman, temperament separated, Fraternal identical
Spacing – double – this includes the title page and reference page. of a coiled chains of molecule DNA difficult , acupuncture , interact, precognition
Margins – 1 in all around – this includes the title page and reference page
Header and page numbers – you should put a header (the first couple of words from the title of your paper or your last name) and page numbers in the upper right hand corner each page (including the title page and reference page).
First line of each paragraph – indent (use tab key) ½ inch or 5 spaces.
Headings – for the writing assignments for this course, you should not use any headings in your papers EXCEPT for your reference page.
Abstract – for the writing assignments for this course, you do not need to include an abstract. epigenetics , nurture odors, interact
genome
Title page:

APA format requires (1) title, (2) running head, and (3) author name and institution.  For your papers I want the following centered:
(1)    title of your paper – note that this is not the title of the article for article analysis papers
(2)    your name
(3)    PSY course
(4)    my name (Dr. Kamilar)
(5)    date of submission
You can see the title page included in this handout for an example.  Note that your title page should be 12 pt font with no bold and double spaced.

Citations within text:

You must give credit for other people’s ideas (not just for quotes) – even if paraphrased.  Otherwise it is plagiarism.  See the following examples for how to give credit within text.

When giving the citation in parentheses at the end of a sentence always include the publication year.  When giving the citation in the text of the sentence, you only need to list the publication year the first time in each paragraph.

?    Example:

Smith (2005) states that psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance.  Previous research has investigated this difference, however Smith contends that the previous research is flawed due to problems in the research design and types of questionnaires used.  The current study was constructed to differentiate between the two types of dependence in substance abuse surveys (Smith, 2005).

?    Article has one author:

Smith (2005) states that psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance.

Or

Psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance (Smith, 2005).

?    Article has 2 authors:

Smith and Jones (2005) state that psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance.

Or

Psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance (Smith & Jones, 2005).

?    Article has 3 – 5 authors:

For the first time the article is cited in text or in parentheses at the end of a sentence, you should list all authors.  After that you should just list the first author followed by et al.

Smith, Jones, and Rogers (2005) state that psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance.  Previous research has investigated this difference, however Smith et al. contend that the previous research is flawed due to problems in the research design and types of questionnaires used.  The current study was constructed to differentiate between the two types of dependence in substance abuse surveys (Smith et al., 2005).

Or

Psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance (Smith, Jones, & Rogers, 2005).  Previous research has investigated this difference, however these researchers contend that the previous research is flawed due to problems in the research design and types of questionnaires used.  The current study was constructed to differentiate between the two types of dependence in substance abuse surveys (Smith et al., 2005).

?    Article has 6 or more authors:

If the article has 6 or more authors, you should put in the first author’s last name followed by et al. for each time the article is cited in text or in parentheses at the end of a sentence.

Smith et al. (2005) state that psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance.  Previous research has investigated this difference, however Smith et al. contend that the previous research is flawed due to problems in the research design and types of questionnaires used.  The current study was constructed to differentiate between the two types of dependence in substance abuse surveys (Smith et al., 2005).

Or

Psychological dependence on a substance is different from physiological dependence on a substance (Smith et al., 2005).  Previous research has investigated this difference, however these researchers contend that the previous research is flawed due to problems in the research design and types of questionnaires used.  The current study was constructed to differentiate between the two types of dependence in substance abuse surveys (Smith et al., 2005).

Reference page:

Spacing – Your reference page should be double spaced.
Margins – The first line of the reference starts at the left margin.  All subsequent lines are indented 5 spaces.  You should use the hanging indent function of your word processor to accomplish this.
Heading – Use the title References for your reference page. You must center the title.  See the reference page at the end of this handout for an example.
Pagination – Start your reference page on a new page.
What you need – You need the authors last names, first and miIDle initials; year of publication; title of article; title of journal; volume number, and beginning and ending page numbers.  If you retrieve the article from a database, you will also need the date you retrieved it and the name of the database.  For examples of reference format of books see your syllabus and/or publication manual.

Format – Journal article references have the following format:
Authors. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol, beginning page-ending page.

?    Example of a reference to an article from a print journal:

Hyde, J.S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592.

Authors – List references in alphabetical order by first author.  Never change the order of authors – list authors as they appear on the front page of the article.  Authors are in order of how much work they did on the paper.  If the article has 7 or more authors, you should list the first 6 authors followed by et al.

?    Example of a reference to an article with 7 or more authors:

Huang, L., Stroul, B., Friedman, R., Mrazek, P., Friesen, B., Pires, S., et al. (2005). Transforming mental health care for children and their families. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592.

Ebscohost (Academic Search Premier) – If you are getting the article from Ebscohost database, you need the date you retrieved the article and the name of the database (usually Academic Search Premier database).

?    Example of a reference to an article retrieved from Ebscohost (Academic Search Premier database):

Frick, P. (2000). Laboratory and performance-based measures of childhood disorders: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 475-479. Retrieved January 3, 2002, from Academic Search Premier database.

APA journal internet site – If you retrieve the article from the APA internet site, you need to specify electronic version after the title of the article.  For retrieval from other internet sites, see pages 271-272 in the APA manual.

?    Example of a reference to an article retrieved from APA journal internet site:

King, A.C., Castro, C., Wilcox, S., Eyler, A.A., Sallis, J.F., & Brownson, R.C. (2000). Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inactivity among different racial-ethnic groups of U.S. miIDle-aged and older-aged women [Electronic version]. Health Psychology, 19, 354-364.

Abstracts from Medline/PubMed database – If your retrieve an abstract from Medline/PubMed, you need the date you retrieved the article and the name of the database.  You will also need to look up the full name of the journal since Medline uses abbreviated names.
o    To find the full name of the journal – While in Medline/PubMed, click on journals database on the left hand side under PubMed Services.  Then type in the abbreviated journal name into the search area.  Click go.  The full journal name should come up.

?    Example of a reference to an abstract retrieved from Medline/PubMed database:

Watkins, K.E., PaIDock, S.M., Zhang, L., & Wells, K.B. (2006). Improving care for depression in patients with comorbid substance misuse. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 125-132. Abstract retrieved January 11, 2006, from Medline/PubMed database.

APA Handout Title Page Sample
Student’s name (fill in here)
PSY (fill in course number)
Dr. Kamilar
November 3, 2005

References
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Chapter 6
Chapter 6: Animals in corrections and rehabilitation
Introduction
Under retributive justice models, brutality and deprivation experienced in prison are justified. Therapeutic justice models call for treatment and development that aIDress underlying behavioral, social, and psychological issues to prepare offenders for successful reentry. The presence of animals in rehabilitative and correctional environments offers offenders companionship and emotional warmth. They also provide opportunities to learn responsibility, commit to projects, practice ethical behavior, and learn new skills. Offenders may contribute to society by training animals. Pet programs allow offenders to demonstrate to society that they are capable of behaving appropriately among vulnerable populations and want to participate in the betterment of society, others, and themselves. Some members of the criminal justice system have been unaccepting of animals in corrective environments, yet, the popularity of these programs and funding for them increase annually.
The Premise behind Allowing Pets on the Premises
European prisoners keeping dogs for pest control, companionship, and message delivery dates back several hundreds of years (MacDonogh, 1996). Today, some European prisoners continue to buy and maintain pets legally, including canaries and parrots whose well-being is enforced by prison behavior rules (Bond, 2012). U.S. prisoners generally have no such privileges. American inmates are usually forbiIDen from owning or possessing pets in prison. However, many prisoners in more than half of states are given the opportunity to live with animals who belong to other people or organizations. Prison pet programs, which exist in North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, house animals with prisoners because the animals are said to rehabilitate, educate, and comfort prisoners (Britton & Button, 2006; Nine Lives Around the Word, 2011; Robbins, 2009; Tenna, 2013). Programs reportedly rely on animals for therapeutic benefits, like other rehabilitative institutions that use animals, including senior centers and hospitals. Prison pet programs can help build character and responsibility (Jones and McDougall, 2007). In many programs, pets accompany inmates to most activities, including meals, sleeping, and exercise. This requires’ inmates full discipline, attention, and commitment.
Reported benefits of prison pet programs are mainly anecdotal (Achen, 2012). Based on observation, self-reporting, and studies of pets in non-correctional institutions, it is widely believed that prison pet programs lower recidivism, violence, and reliance on medication in prison. This is not surprising since many inmates volunteer for prison pet programs because they love dogs (Britton & Button, 2006). Love and affection can provide these benefits. Another reason that inmates volunteer is that they have increased opportunity for liberty, socialization, and activity (Britton & Button, 2006; Gremillion, 2009). These incentives help to train prisoners to behave responsibly. Inmates may volunteer to participate in programs that benefit animals and other people in society (Britton & Button, 2006). Opportunity for altruism as well as participation in activities that reflect well on prisoners’ demeanor attracts volunteers who want to do good. Thus, prison pet programs draw inmates who may be ready to improve themselves and provide a variety of motivations for committing to positive behavioral changes.
Participation in the program increases pressure on prisoners because they are monitored more closely by prison staff and are more visible to other inmates. This pressure and attention can contribute to reform. Though, pressure should not be taken for granted as being a positive force because occasionally, nonparticipating inmates behave hostility towards pets or attempt to corrupt their training. Inmates who positively respond to and overcome these challenges certainly can build positive character traits. Yet, aIDitional tension could possibly negatively affect prisoners. However, this pessimistic view is not supported by a host of evidence, even anecdotally. Some negative anecdotal evidence suggests that handlers have mistreated animals. Other inmates may respond violently toward irresponsible or cruel handlers. Inmates have responded violently when handlers follow protocol that seems cruel, like jerking dogs using leash correction. Negative emotions may also be associated with having to give-up pets at the end of training. However, these emotions are to be expected from the out-set and have not been reported to impact prisoners’ behavior negatively.

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Prison Pets and Policies
Pet training is increasingly being offered by prisons as a service to the community. Fish, birds, dogs, chickens, cows, pigs, cats, horses, injured wildlife, and other animals have legally resided in prisons (Carpentieri, 2001; Greene, 2014). Animals may be trained as companions, as therapy or service animals, or as domesticated farm animals. Prisoners might only share a cell with some animals or may train certain animals over the course of several months. Depending on the species and the program, inmates, animals, and facilities must satisfy certain qualifications.
In general, prison pet programs screen inmates prior to accepting volunteers. A record of violent crimes could preclude inmates from participation in some programs (Achen, 2012). However, other programs will permit inmates with a history of violence to participate as long as violence was not perpetrated against vulnerable populations, like animals, children, the elderly, or disabled individuals (NBC, 2006). Many programs will require inmates to have been well- behaved while incarcerated (Achen, 2012). Programs might only investigate inmates’ recent prison records and cap time limits for exclusionary infractions, e.g. infractions within the past six
months. Many programs require inmates to serve sufficiently long sentences that allow for bonding or completion of pet training modules. This would exclude many jails or institutions that are designed to temporarily hold inmates before they are transferred to other locations. Programs
sometimes require inmates to have already served some time at a particular location, e.g. one year, prior to receiving an animal to establish the inmate’s stability and behavior at the facility. The level of security at a prison is irrelevant. Maximum, medium, and minimum security prisons
all participate in pet programs when animals’ well-being can be ensured (NBC, 2006).

Departments of Corrections must allot sufficient budgets to programs (Achen, 2012). One reason that programs are so well-liked is that they can be relatively inexpensive. Facilities that train horses, dogs, or other animals requiring exercise, must have courtyards and necessary space
to train animals. Dogs may require crates, but this is minimal in comparison to the cost of maintaining stables for horses (O’Brien, 2005). Cats require even less money for boarding (Achen, 2012). Though, at least one facility spent around a thousand dollars on an outdoor
enclosure area for cats and volunteers. Food, collars, toys, and other supplies, are usually donated by the public or participating inmates; and animals are generally adopted, donated, caught, or rescued from pounds’ “death row.”
Structural limitations can impede prison pet programs. Many programs require pets to become accustomed to a single inmate who takes full responsibility for the animal. Buildings must have enough cells available so that some inmates can reside without roommates (Achen, 2012). Many prisons are overcrowded and cannot house single occupants. Some facilities opt against prison pets because they lack accommodations like air conditioning. However, facilities without air conditioning have successfully partnered with pet programs (O’Brien, 2005). Inmates
have used their personal fans to cool pups’ beds. In certain facilities, cats are required to be leashed at all times so that they do not exit through cell bars (Korten, 2007). However, prison guards can be quite lax about these rules. If participating inmate’s neighbors are allergic to
animals, then they can transfer cells. Facilities that lack this sort of flexibility are not well-suited for programs.
Many prisons’ regulations forbid decorations like framed paintings or pottery (O’Brien, 2005). Animals trained as companions at one prison became extremely comfortable with people, but were evidently skittish around home furnishings once they were adopted to families. Dogs had not been exposed to furnishings while in prison. The prison could not alter their policies, so they developed a program called “Pups on Parole.” Prior to being adopted to the public, puppies were signed-out to volunteers who would take the puppies into public and private spaces to acclimate the dogs. Those dogs who were taught special tasks would learn to perform those tasks in public places, like malls and sporting events. These outings also helped dogs adjust to noise since they had not been exposed to loud voices in prison.
Prisoners may adopt rules among themselves about how to protect pets better (Korten, 2007). Program screening and the joy that pets bring are some reasons that pets are safe. Another reason that pets are safe is informal enforcement among prisoners. Prison pets are rarely harmed because harm to a prison pet would be met with severe sanctions by other prisoners. For example, in one maximum security prison, nearly three-quarters of the inmates were murderers. Some of these inmates were allowed to bunk with cats. One inmate spit soda on another inmate’s cat. The offending inmate was killed. In another case, a cat was killed, and the killer could not be identified. So, inmates put-out a contract for the responsible inmate’s assassination.

Prison Pets Programs
In the majority of prison pet programs, inmates train or socialize animals for adoption. Many varieties of partnerships have evolved in facilities throughout the country. While some programs may pay for animals’ needs through sponsorship or adoption fees, other programs may rely on prisoners’ donations, grants, or state funding. Each program has varying budgetary considerations and resources. All programs require supervision and accommodation by correctional facilities.
Some prison pet programs foster dogs from shelters, train them, and then return them for adoption. Many of the animals who are selected would likely be euthanized without intervention by the programs. Programs make animals more desirable and likely to be adopted by house- breaking them. Trained animals are easier to love and care for, and the history of their training also attracts attention from families. The Colorado Correctional Industries (CCI) Prison Trained K-9 Companion Program (PTKCP) is an example of this sort of program (CCI, 2013). PTKCP is one of a few dozen similar programs within the CCI. Young and mature animals may be trained, but all animals are hand-picked based on their dispositions. The program provides rescued dogs with veterinary care, including vaccines, nourishment, attention to injuries, and spay or neuter surgery. PTKCP charges a $500 fee for each animal. Collected fees fund the entire program. PTKCP distinguishes itself from other pet programs by providing boarding and training services to local dog owners. One-month training is $500. The program only charges owners $50 per week for aIDitional boarding or socialization with inmates. Many correctional facilities take-in cats as well as dogs, or solely focus on socializing cats for adoption (DCWS, 2012).
Pet programs have become so successful, that several state prison systems operate expansive partnerships. For example, in Washington State all correctional facilities operate some sort of adoption or training program (DCWS, 2012). In the State of Florida, hundreds of correctional facilities and greyhound adoption programs partner in prison pet programs (National Greyhound Foundation, 2007). Florida racetracks retire greyhounds, who would otherwise be destroyed, but are adoptable. More than one hundred correctional facilities socialize and train the greyhounds. The program, which saves thousands of greyhounds lives each year, is not restricted to Florida prisons.

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A few of these programs offer highly specialized training. Service animals may be trained to assist and accompany people with disabilities. Dogs may learn to use specialized skills to assist disabled people with daily tasks, or may provide companionship for traumatized war veterans.4 Paws for Ability is a service dog training program that places dogs in Warren Correctional Institution (Greene, 2014). Dogs receive 500 hours of training to serve children with autism, post-traumatic stress disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, brain damage, pervasive developmental delays, deafness, physical disabilities, bipolar disorder, wheelchair confinement, seizure disorders, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, Down syndrome, and diabetes. Inmates attend classes and read books about training in their spare time. Dogs may be trained to detect seizures, perform tasks like switching-on lights, aid mobility, and numerous other tasks in varied environments. Gifted trainers may become employed in the field after release. However, murders and others facing life terms may participate in the program as long as they have not been convicted of sex offenses or domestic violence. Thus, some inmates will never train or work outside prison.
Horses, in aIDition to other species of animals, are trained by inmates. Program structure may vary widely, but for the most part, horse-training prison programs are very successful (Office of the Deputy Commissioner for Women, 2012). For example, a prison program in Canada reported a 1% return rate of horses given basic training by inmates. In Nevada, the government has organized a multitier program. The Northern Nevada Correctional Center (NNCC)/Stewart Conservation Camp SaIDle Horse Training Program partnered with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Nevada Department of Corrections (NDOC), and the Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDOA) to accommodate several state and community needs at once (NNCC, 2013). When wild horse and burro populations expand too rapidly, BLM calculates how many animals must be culled to sustain biodiversity and reduce starvation among wild populations. Rather than cull, the government rounds-up the calculated number of animals into captivity. Hundreds of animals might be gathered each year. Animals are enrolled in the Adopt- A-Horse or Burro Program. Horses and burros, who are frequently malnourished, receive care and training from inmates. Since the program began in the 1970s, hundreds of thousands of animals have been adopted. Adopted animals may become employed on farms or live as family pets. All adopters are vetted through the program. Private owners may also apply for horses to be trained in the same fashion as captured horses. Training uses a least-resistance method that relies on behaviors that come most naturally to each animal. This training method lasts up-to one year and costs adopters about $500 per month. Prison programs that train equine species present unique challenges due to the increased risk that inmates will become injured during training (Office of the Deputy Commissioner for Women, 2012). These concerns are minimized by the establishment of trust between inmates and animals. The trust factor contributes to the rehabilitative goals of the program.
Therapeutic Pets Programs
A study of a prison pet program examined the differences between inmates living in a control ward who did not have pets, and those living with pets (Carpentieri, 2001). After once year, inmates in the experimental ward were less dependent on medication, less violent, and less suicidal. Other studies have indicated that inmates involved in prison pet programs have lower recidivism rates. These results are so promising that institutions, outpatient programs, juvenile incarceration programs, and other alternative forms of justice have adopted prison pet program strategies.
When offenders are declared incompetent to stand trial, are found to be legally insane, or suffer from severe mental illness, then they may be committed to an institution for a specific or indefinite period of time. Institutions can resemble prisons and be heavily secured. When prison pet programs cannot permit animals to live with mentally ill offenders, therapeutic animals may still visit offenders (Kuchta, 2011). Adults and juvenile offenders can be institutionalized. Animals have been used successfully in inpatient and outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment of adults who may be involved in the criminal justice system (Jackson, 2012). Juvenile offenders who are institutionalized usually have committed serious and violent crimes (Kuchta, 2011). Animals’ visits reward deserving children and allow doctors to observe children with animals.
MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility incarcerates youth between the ages of 13-25 (Project POOCH, 2013). These youth have committed serious crimes, but find reprieve and rehabilitation through Project POOCH. Housed in a new K-9 building, Project Pooch maintains a kennel where unadopted dogs are groomed and trained by juveniles, which helps dogs become adoptable. Youth sell merchandise and collect adoption fees so that revenue can be used for victim restitution and local charities. Studies conducted on Project POOCH found behavior improvements, increased respect for authority, improved sociality, and increased leadership among incarcerated youth. Youth self-reported becoming more honest, empathetic, understanding, confident, accomplished, and nurturing. Respondents reported no recidivism.
Therapeutic programs can prepare inmates for reentry by giving them marketable, specialized job skills (InGov, 2013). The Indiana Canine Assistant (ICAN) program provides inmates with a year of curriculum centering on physical and developmental diseases. Offenders learn about cognitive and physical aspects of disability that relate to dog assistance. ICAN educates offenders far beyond other prison pet programs, and emphasizes job readiness. Dog training lasts two years while inmates teach dogs more than fifty commands. Upon reentry, offenders can work as handlers, trainers, or in other related positions because they become certified through the Department of Labor Apprenticeship Program.
Conclusion
Incarcerated, delinquent, in-patient, and out-patient populations reportedly benefit from pet programs. Pets in need of homes and training benefit from programs also. Communities benefit from services provided, reasonable service fees, and rehabilitative effects on offenders. However, little quantitative data proves the effects of these programs on recidivism even though anecdotal and qualitative evidence is overwhelmingly positive. Facility and policy concerns are considered against the benefits of pet programs, and sometimes impede implementation. Nevertheless, these programs seem promising and are quite popular.

Chapter 14
Chapter 14: Illegal companionship between people and animals
Introduction
Animals in the Criminal Justice System Carmen M. Cusack, J.D., Ph.D. © 2013
For better or for worse, the state can intervene into human-animal relationships. In some cases, the state attempts to protect people, property, and animals from harm. However, in other cases, the letter of the law and enforcement of certain provisions seems to increase harm rather than minimize it. Though the law must be clearly set forth and uniformly applied, government intervention into animal-human relationships can sometimes seem counterintuitive, irrational, or unfair. At other times, consistency is imperative to overcoming criminal elements and upholding law.

Contraband in Prison
Contraband is just as prolific in prisons as it is in free society. Contraband that is in demand includes toiletries, written communications between gang members, cell phones, alcohol, and drugs. Though not in demand, animal companions may be considered contraband. Animals may be used to ferry contraband or wild animals may impermissibly reside in the prison as animal companions.
Drug dealers throughout the world, e.g. Columbia and Argentina, have used animals as drug couriers. When dr