EN 121 Monroe College Short Sentencing and Recidivist Presentation Dropbox Research Paper – Final Draft Attached Files: EN121 APA Research Paper Rubric.d

EN 121 Monroe College Short Sentencing and Recidivist Presentation Dropbox Research Paper – Final Draft

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(30.41 KB) Incorporate instructor feedback to revise and submit the final draft of the research project in APA correct format… (title page, abstract, introduction, body, conclusion, and reference list). Click on the links to access your lecture notes (including a sample final draft and grading rubric) and view this video for tips on revising your essay. Watch Video Revising and Editing
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPbylymgQEs SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentences and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
Monroe College
EN 121
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
I. Introduction
Thesis statement: Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
II. Background
A. Many ethical and legal issues exist in policy making around recidivism (Tonry,
2010).
B. Results show that in three years after release 67.08 percent of the released offenders
were rearrested (National Institute of Justice, 2014)
III. Reasons for offenders long and short sentencing
A. In this article, the authors Pew Trust explain the reasons as to why offenders
are sentenced to more extended periods in prisons (Pew)
1. Deterrence
2. Incapacitation
IV.
Recidivism and the youth
A. According to the study, the number of youth placed in institutions for the
offense in the United States has decreased by 47 percent in the last two
decades since 2007 (Walters & Bishop, 2016).
V.
Impact of length of sentencing on recidivism
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
A. In this study by Rhodes et al. (2018) the aim was to determine if the length of
prison sentences decrease or reduce recidivism.
B. In this study, random judicial assignments are used to determine the effect of
length of a prison sentence on recidivism (Roach, & Schanzenbach 2015).
C. In this study by Rhodes et al. (2018) the aim was to determine if the length of
prison sentences decrease or reduce recidivism
VI.
Comparison of recidivists in short and long-term sentencing
A. In this article, the United States Sentencing Commission found no difference
in the recidivism of offenders that served their full term and those that were
released thirty months earlier through the Fair Sentencing Act (Pryor Jr, W et al.
2018).
VII. Conclusion
Data provided shows that short sentences do not impact recidivism. Although there was minimal,
a decrease of recidivism with the increase of a month of sentencing the same study indicated that
offenders that were released early had the same rate of recidivism as the ones that served their
sentence. In juveniles, the rate of recidivists was lower in the ones that were involved in
activities.
.
Running Head: SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentencing and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
Monroe College
EN 121
1
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
2
References
National Institute of Justice. (2014). Recidivism. Retrieved from
https://www.nij.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism/pages/welcome.aspx
(National Institute of Justice, 2014)
Pew. (2013). Prison Time Served and Recidivism. Retrieved from
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2013/10/08/prison-timeserved-and-recidivism
(Pew, 2013)
Pryor, W., H, Barkow, R., E., Breyer, C., R., Reeves, D., C., Bolitho, Z., C., & Smoot, J., P., W.
(2018). Recidivism Among Federal Offenders Receiving Retroactive Sentence
Reductions: The 2011 Fair Sentencing Act Guideline Amendment. United States
Sentencing Commission. Retrieved from
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/researchpublications/2018/20180328_Recidivism_FSA-Retroactivity.pdf
(Pryor, Barkow, Breyer,Reeves, Bolitho & Smoot, 2018)
Rhodes, W., Gaes, G. G., Kling, R., & Cutler, C. (2018). The relationship between prison length
of stay and recidivism: A study using regression discontinuity and instrumental variables
with multiple break points. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(3), 731-769.
(Rhodes, Gaes, Kling & Cutler, 2018)
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Roach, M. A., & Schanzenbach, M. M. (2015). The effect of prison sentence length on
recidivism: Evidence from random judicial assignment. Northwestern Law & Econ
Research Paper, (16-08).
(Roach & Schanzenbach, 2015)
Tonry, M. (2014). Legal and ethical issues in the prediction of recidivism. Federal Sentencing
Reporter, 26(3), 167-176.
(Tonry, 2014)
Walker, S. C., & Bishop, A. S. (2016). Length of stay, therapeutic change, and recidivism for
incarcerated juvenile offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 55(6), 355-376.
(Walker & Bishop, 2016)
Walters, J., P. and Tell, D. (2019). Criminal Justice Reform and the First Step
Act’s Recidivism Reduction Provisions: Preliminary Issues for
Policymakers. Hudson Institute. Retrieved from
https://www.hudson.org/research/14776-criminal-justice-reform-and-thefirst-step-act-s-recidivism-reduction-provisions-preliminary-issues-forpolicymakers
(Walters & Tell, 2019)
3
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentences and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
Monroe College
EN 121
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
I. Introduction
Thesis statement: Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
II. Background
A. Many ethical and legal issues exist in policy making around recidivism (Tonry,
2010).
B. Results show that in three years after release 67.08 percent of the released offenders
were rearrested (National Institute of Justice, 2014)
III. Reasons for offenders long and short sentencing
A. In this article, the authors Pew Trust explain the reasons as to why offenders
are sentenced to more extended periods in prisons (Pew)
1. Deterrence
2. Incapacitation
IV.
Recidivism and the youth
A. According to the study, the number of youth placed in institutions for the
offense in the United States has decreased by 47 percent in the last two
decades since 2007 (Walters & Bishop, 2016).
V.
Impact of length of sentencing on recidivism
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
A. In this study by Rhodes et al. (2018) the aim was to determine if the length of
prison sentences decrease or reduce recidivism.
B. In this study, random judicial assignments are used to determine the effect of
length of a prison sentence on recidivism (Roach, & Schanzenbach 2015).
C. In this study by Rhodes et al. (2018) the aim was to determine if the length of
prison sentences decrease or reduce recidivism
VI.
Comparison of recidivists in short and long-term sentencing
A. In this article, the United States Sentencing Commission found no difference
in the recidivism of offenders that served their full term and those that were
released thirty months earlier through the Fair Sentencing Act (Pryor Jr, W et al.
2018).
VII. Conclusion
Data provided shows that short sentences do not impact recidivism. Although there was minimal,
a decrease of recidivism with the increase of a month of sentencing the same study indicated that
offenders that were released early had the same rate of recidivism as the ones that served their
sentence. In juveniles, the rate of recidivists was lower in the ones that were involved in
activities.
.
1
Running Head: CONCLUSION
Conclusion
Karla Bedeau
Monroe College
EN 103
CONCLUSION
2
There are so many issues in laws that are yet to establish a significant way forward. The
point of recidivism and sentencing has gotten to facilitate a lot of questions and discussions among
various people in society. Much has been done to determine if recidivists should be sentenced for
longer or if they deserve short sentences. Further investigations ought to be done on the issue to
be able to come up with final results about the whole point.
However, I believe that due diligence should be done before any person is sentenced for a
crime they have committed regardless of whether they are recidivists or not because there are so
many factors that may result in a person getting to commit a crime. Therefore, for a person to end
up committing a crime again after previously sentenced, there have to be some reasons for the
person to do so. It is in the sense that if a person has already experienced the life of being under
some sentence, then such a person would not want to have their freedom taken away from them
again and as such most of them end up reforming. Therefore, thorough investigations ought to be
conducted before getting to sentence any convict without putting much consideration on the fact
of whether the person is an ex-convict or not. This way, both the recidivists as well as first-time
offenders will receive the appropriate sentencing that they deserve without any.
Running head: SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentencing and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
EN 121
1
Thesis Statement
Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
Boolean operators
Short AND Sentences AND Recidivist AND Crimes
Running head: SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentencing and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
Monroe College
EN 121
1
Thesis Statement
Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
Boolean operators
Short AND Sentences AND Recidivist AND Crimes
Running head: SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentencing and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
EN 121
1
Thesis Statement
Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
Boolean operators
Short AND Sentences AND Recidivist AND Crimes
Running head: SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentencing and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
Monroe College
EN 121
1
Thesis Statement
Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
Boolean operators
Short AND Sentences AND Recidivist AND Crimes
Running head: SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
1
Short Sentencing and Recidivist
Thesis Statement
Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
Boolean operators
Short AND Sentences AND Recidivist AND Crimes
Tonry, M. (2014). Legal and ethical issues in the prediction of recidivism. Federal Sentencing
Reporter, 26(3), 167-176.
Tonry (2014) discusses the major ethical and legal issues that exist in policy making around
recidivism. Alternatives to prison time for prison are being provided in efforts of reducing
recidivism. Predictions of offenders carrying out a crime again are offering options for
sentencing commissions in the setting of guidelines. Others find the alternative programs to
prison provide the offenders with a quality life outside prison in efforts to avoid reoffending.
Certain factors are said to be the cause of recidivism that includes lack of education, mental
health skills, and work skills. The future law-abidingness of the offender is the primary concern
rather than the offenders future wellbeing. Ethical concerns arise because the offender is now
disappearing from the conversation and being replaced by the risk of him or her involvement in
recidivism.
Pew. (2013). Prison Time Served and Recidivism. Retrieved from
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2013/10/08/prison-time-servedand-recidivism
In this article, the authors Pew Trust explain the reasons as to why offenders are sentenced to
more extended periods in prisons. Two reasons are identified which are deterrence and
incapacitation. Incapacitation is a situation where offenders are incarcerated to reduce the current
criminal activities by keeping the perpetrators in lockup where they can no longer commit crimes
in public. Deterrence is meant to prevent illegal activities in the future or recidivism by applying
a high punishment to crimes to dissuade criminals from being involved in new crime. Many
people believe that longer sentencing is more effective in controlling recidivism because of
criminal age out of the criminal life. Others think that the longer an individual spends in the
prison, the more he loses the supportive bonds in the society and become hardcore due to the
interaction with other criminals.
National Institute of Justice. (2014). Recidivism. Retrieved from
https://www.nij.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism/pages/welcome.aspx
In this article, statistics are provided by the Bureau of Justice Statistics Studies. In the
data recidivism rates in released offenders were tracked in thirty states for 404,638 individuals
after their release from prison in the year 2005. Results show that in three years after release
67.08 percent of the released offenders were rearrested. In five years of release, 76.6 percent
were rearrested, and at the end of the first year, 56.7 percent were rearrested. The categories of
offenders that are most likely to be rearrested were property offenders at 82.1 percent of the total
property offenders. Second, in the category of offenders were drug offenders at 76.9 percent then
public order offenders constituting 73.6 percent. Violent offenders were the least of rearrests at
71.3 percent. According to the article, recidivism is measured by criminal activities that end up
with rearrests, return to prison or reconviction with or without a new sentence in a three year
time following the offenders’ release.
Walker, S. C., & Bishop, A. S. (2016). Length of stay, therapeutic change, and recidivism for
incarcerated juvenile offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 55(6), 355-376.
In this study, the aim was to understand the influence of the period of stay in a
therapeutic institution for high-risk juvenile offenders. According to the survey, the number of
youth placed in institutions for the offense in the United States has decreased by 47 percent in
the last two decades since 2007. Results of the study indicate that there is no relationship with
the occurrence of felony recidivism with a yearlong of release. A small dip in the 9-11 months
stays that is non-significant, but recidivism rates among the five lengths levels were consistent.
No relationship was found between more extended stays and reduced future offenses. Twelve
months recidivism was reduced with skill acquisition. Acquiring a skill meant that the offenders
were less likely to be rearrested in twelve months and this indicates that skills play a vital role in
the reduction of recidivism in juveniles.
Rhodes, W., Gaes, G. G., Kling, R., & Cutler, C. (2018). The relationship between prison length
of stay and recidivism: A study using regression discontinuity and instrumental variables with
multiple breakpoints. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(3), 731-769.
In this study by Rhodes et al. (2018) the aim was to determine if the length of prison
sentences decrease or reduce recidivism. The second aim was to see if the length of sentencing
varies from one individual to the other. The federal sentencing structure is the basis of the study.
The results of the study conclude that theoretically imprisonment is a transformative experience
in the life of the offender. However, the study failed to relate the length of sentencing and
acceleration of criminal behavior. In further arguments, the research indicates that longer
sentencing modestly reduces recidivism by using incapacitation. An increase of prison stay to
months reduces the three-year 20 percent recidivism to 18.7 percent. While from a policy view,
prison sentencing can be reduced without a substantial increase in recurrence
Roach, M. A., & Schanzenbach, M. M. (2015). The effect of prison sentence length on
recidivism: Evidence from a random judicial assignment. Northwestern Law & Econ Research
Paper, (16-08).
In this study, random judicial assignments are used to determine the effect of length of a
prison sentence on recidivism. Findings in the study prove that there is a marginal decrease in
reoffending at one percent for every added one month of sentencing. Another observation from
the survey is that perpetrators that plead guilty are assigned a random judge who provides a
random prison sentence according to his perception. Consistent with the rehabilitation role there
is a reduction of recidivism in the first year an offender is released. High crime rates affect the
sentencing as harsh sentences are given. This leads to a challenge in measuring the effects of the
length of prison and recidivism and penalties on crime rates.
Walters, J., P., and Tell, D. (2019). Criminal Justice Reform and the First Step Act’s Recidivism
Reduction Provisions: Preliminary Issues for Policymakers. Hudson Institute. Retrieved from
https://www.hudson.org/research/14776-criminal-justice-reform-and-the-first-step-act-srecidivism-reduction-provisions-preliminary-issues-for-policymakers
As reforms, start being legislated recidivism is one of the primary considerations for their
implementation. In the First Step Act Title I “Recidivism Reduction” requires that the Attorney
General and the Justice Department in consultation with practitioners, experts, and independent
review committees to develop and implement a risk assessment tool that can evaluate individuals
that are incarcerated if they can re-offend after release. The ranking by the risk assessment tool
will be used to provide a classification of offenders as low or minimum recidivism. Credits will
be earned, and successful candidates will be released into rehabilitation programs. Credits will be
used for supervised release or pre-release custody.
Pryor Jr, W et al. (2018). Recidivism Among Federal Offenders Receiving Retroactive Sentence
Reductions: The 2011 Fair Sentencing Act Guideline Amendment. United States Sentencing
Commission. Retrieved from https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-andpublications/research-publications/2018/20180328_Recidivism_FSA-Retroactivity.pdf
In this article, the United States Sentencing Commission found no difference in the
recidivism of offenders that served their full term and those that were released thirty months
earlier through the Fair Sentencing Act. Both individuals had a recidivism rate of 37.9 percent.
The findings are similar to other studies of cocaine offenders in the Crack Cocaine Amendment
of 2007 where offenders were released early in 2007 and 2008. It was discovered that the
recidivism rate after three years was of release both the comparison and retroactivity group was
the same at 39.3 percent and 36.7 percent. In the commissions 2005 publication, three measures
of recidivism were reported namely reincarceration, reconviction and rearrests. Three years after
the release it was discovered that rearrests for federal offenders of crack, cocaine in 2005 was
40.0 percent similar to the current and 2014 study.
References
National Institute of Justice. (2014). Recidivism. Retrieved from
https://www.nij.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism/pages/welcome.aspx
Pew. (2013). Prison Time Served and Recidivism. Retrieved from
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2013/10/08/prison-time-servedand-recidivism
Pryor Jr, W et al. (2018). Recidivism Among Federal Offenders Receiving Retroactive Sentence
Reductions: The 2011 Fair Sentencing Act Guideline Amendment. United States Sentencing
Commission. Retrieved from https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-andpublications/research-publications/2018/20180328_Recidivism_FSA-Retroactivity.pdf
Rhodes, W., Gaes, G. G., Kling, R., & Cutler, C. (2018). The relationship between prison length
of stay and recidivism: A study using regression discontinuity and instrumental variables with
multiple breakpoints. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(3), 731-769.
Roach, M. A., & Schanzenbach, M. M. (2015). The effect of prison sentence length on
recidivism: Evidence from a random judicial assignment. Northwestern Law & Econ Research
Paper, (16-08).
Tonry, M. (2014). Legal and ethical issues in the prediction of recidivism. Federal Sentencing
Reporter, 26(3), 167-176.
Walker, S. C., & Bishop, A. S. (2016). Length of stay, therapeutic change, and recidivism for
incarcerated juvenile offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 55(6), 355-376.
Walters, J., P., and Tell, D. (2019). Criminal Justice Reform and the First Step Act’s Recidivism
Reduction Provisions: Preliminary Issues for Policymakers. Hudson Institute. Retrieved from
https://www.hudson.org/research/14776-criminal-justice-reform-and-the-first-step-act-srecidivism-reduction-provisions-preliminary-issues-for-policymakers
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
Short Sentences and Recidivist
Karla Bedeau
Monroe College
EN 121
SHORT SENTENCING AND RECIDIVIST
I. Introduction
Thesis statement: Impact of short sentences on recidivists trend of committing crimes.
II. Background
A. Many eth…
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