Circuit Board: Series/Parallel Circuit Experiment experiment: Circuit Board: Series/Parallel CircuitI need answers for the attached experiment questions an

Circuit Board: Series/Parallel Circuit Experiment experiment: Circuit Board: Series/Parallel CircuitI need answers for the attached experiment questions and calculations. Circuit Board: Series/Parallel Circuit Lab
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this experiment is to learn
1) to construct direct current electrical circuits;
2) to represent electrical circuits and
3) to measure currents and voltages.
Basics
a direct current (DC) circuit is a circuit in which the current flowing through each element of the circuit
is constant in time. Its elements are batteries and resistors. The simplest DC circuit comprises a single
(ideal) battery and a resistor. It is represented schematically in this way:
The current through the circuit is related to the voltage across the battery by Ohm’s law ?V=RI.
A battery is called either a source of electromotive force or, more commonly, a source of emf. (The
phrase electromotive force is an unfortunate historical term, describing not a force but rather a potential
difference in volts.) The emf of a battery is the maximum possible voltage that the battery can provide
between its terminals. The symbol for emf is the greek letter ? (epsilon).
Because a real battery is made of matter, there is resistance to the flow of charge within the battery.
This resistance is called internal resistance r. For an idealized battery with zero internal resistance, the
potential difference across the battery (called its terminal voltage) equals its emf. However, for a real
battery, the terminal voltage is not equal to the emf for a battery in a circuit in which there is a current.
A real battery is represented schematically as an ideal battery with an internal resistance in series:
I= ?
r+R
A simple way to evaluate the internal resistance r of a battery when r is relatively large, is to first
measure the battery’s emf with the circuit open, and then close the circuit and measure the voltage drop
?V=RI across the resistor R. The internal resistance will be
??? V
r=
R
(1)
?V
The current through the circuit is therefore
The resistance of commercial resistors is color coded on the resistors themselves according to the
following scheme
For example a resistor with color code brown black brown gold will have as first digit 1, as second
digit 0, followed by 1 zero and will have a tolerance of ± 5%.
Its resistance will therefore be 100 ? ± 5%
When two resistors are in series, the same current flows through both of them. The total (or equivalent)
resistance is therefore the sum of the resistances of the two resistors:
When two resistors are in parallel, the voltage drop is the same across both resistors. The inverse of the
total (or equivalent) resistance is therefore the sum of the inverses of the resistances of the two
resistors:
Experimental procedure
Part I – Using Ohm’s Law
1. Get a resistor with any color code and record its resistance in the data table. Choose it so that the
expected current is between 100 and 200 mA.
2. Place the resistor into a pair of springs.
3. Use just one battery.
4. Set your multimeter on the 2 V or setting.
-Make sure the black wire of the meter is inserted into the COM port at all times.
-Make sure the red wire is inserted into the V? port at the moment.
5. Measure the voltage ACROSS the battery and record it.
6. Attach 1 wire from the positive terminal of the battery to one of the resistor springs.
7. Attach another wire from the negative end of the battery to the other resistor spring.
8. Measure the voltage ACROSS the 2 resistor springs and record this value.
9. Set your multimeter on the 200mA or ?A DCA setting. (If this is a milliamp setting, all values
MUST be divided by 1000 to get amps) -Make sure your red wire is inserted into the mA port at
the moment.
9. Remove the wire going from the negative terminal of the battery to a resistor spring.
10. Measure and record the current between these 2 points where the wire was previously.
Part II – Two Resistors in Series
1. Get two coded resistors and record their value in the data table II. Again, choose them so that the
expected total current is between 100 and 200 mA.
2. Place one resistor in one set of springs. Leave the next set OPEN. Then place the 2nd resistor in the
3rd set of springs at the bottom of the board. Place a wire between the sets to connect the 2 resistors.
3. Measure and record the TOTAL VOLTAGE across ALL the resistors. You do this by touching one
multimeter terminal to the very 1st spring the resistors are in and the other terminal to the very last.
4. Measure and record the VOLTAGE DROPS across each resistor by only touching the springs each
resistor is in.
5. Measure and record the TOTAL CURRENT by removing the wire going from the negative terminal
of the battery to the last resistor.
Part III – Two Resistors in Parallel
1. Get two coded resistors and record their value in the data table II. Choose them so that the expected
total current is between 50 and 100 mA.
2. Place one resistor in one set of springs. Leave the next set OPEN. Then place the 2nd resistor in the
3rd set of springs at the bottom of the board. Place a wire between the sets to connect all the resistors in
parallel.
3. Measure and record the TOTAL VOLTAGE across ALL the resistors. You do this by touching one
multimeter terminal to the very 1st spring the resistors are in and the other terminal to the very last.
4. Measure and record the TOTAL CURRENT by removing the wire going from the
negative terminal of the battery to the last resistor.
5. Replace the wire from # 15. Measure and record each INDIVIDUAL CURRENT by
removing the wire that comes in front of second resistor.
Data and Calculation: Show all your work.
214
Data Table I. One resistor: Color Code:
Ri= 100
?
Measured emf
[V]
1.498
Measured Voltage
[V]
1:470
Measured
Current [A]
14.4 x 10
Calculated
Resistance [22]
Resistance from
color code {S2]
100
1. Use Ohm’s law: R=V/I to calculate resistance after you measured voltage and current and write it in
the table above.
2. Determine your % error between the value of the resistor given by color code (consider as standard
value) and your calculated value (from point 1.).
Ha
3. Using eq.1, calculate the internal resistance of your battery.
AV
?
Data Table II Resistors in series: Record the color code for the 2 resistors used:
ra
1944
Color code Brown Black Brown R=100
Color code Brown Black Brown R2= 100
Q
Measured Voltage [V] Measured Current [A]
Resistance calculated
using Ohm’s Law [2]
Resistance from color
code [Q]
N/A
Ri=
Ri=
Vi= 0.740
V2= 0.743
V total = 1.484
N/A
R2=
R2=
ITotal = 7.4 X103
RTotal =
Req=
1. Calculate the resistances Ri and R2 using Ohm’s Law and the measured currents and voltages.
This are your measured value of the resistances to be recorded in the third column of Table II.
2. Calculate the equivalent resistance Req using the series resistance formula R=R1+R2. and the values
of the resistance provided by the color code. This will be your standard value of the total resistance.
Record it in Table II.
3. Determine your % error between the two values found for the total resistance.
Data Table III Resistors in parallel: Record the color code for the 2 resistors used:
Color code Brown – Black – Brown RE 100
92
sanne
Color code Brown -Black-Brown
Rz= 100
?
Measured Voltage [V] Measured Current [A] Resistance calculated
Resistance from color
using Ohm’s Law (92)
code [22]
N/A
I= 14.48103 Ri= 100
Ri= 100
N/A
Iz= 14.5 x 10
-3
R2= 100
Rz= 100
V total = 1 .455 ITotal = 28.4
RTotal = 200
Req= 50
1. Calculate the resistances Ri and Rz using Ohm’s Law and the measured currents and voltages.
This are your measured value of the resistances to be recorded in the third column of Table II.
2. Calculate the equivalent resistance Req using the parallel resistance formula 1/R=1/R1+1/R2 and the
values of the resistance provided by the color code. This will be your standard value of the total
resistance. Record it in Table II.
3. Determine your % error between the two values found for the total resistance.
Check your understanding, answer the questions:
1. What can you say about current and voltage in a series circuit. Explain the differences. Draw a
circuit with 2 resistors in series and clearly explain.
2. What can you say about current and voltage in a parallel circuit. Explain the differences. Draw a
circuit with 2 resistors in parallel and clearly explain.

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