Business Finance Project 3 The Exchange Rate Regime Of China helloeverything in the file——————— Project 3: The exchange Rate Regime of China

Business Finance Project 3 The Exchange Rate Regime Of China helloeverything in the file——————— Project 3: The exchange Rate Regime of China
Since the collapse of Bretton Woods, a critical question facing governments, particular
emerging economies, is the choice of exchange rate regimes. While most OECD economies
have floating rates and capital mobility or are in the Eurozone, emerging countries have
generally selected different exchange rate regimes. Many emerging economies have a “fear
of floating,” a resistance to allowing market for to freely determine their exchange rate
since they fear that speculation or overvaluation may lead to excessive volatility that could
contribute to financial crises and discourage trade and investment. Lack of transparency,
thin markets, poor policy, low institutional credibility, and sometimes distrust of perfectly
free markets have fueled their reluctance to float.
China, along with other emerging economies in East Asia and the Gulf region, has
resurrected an exchange rate regime called Bretton Woods II, where these economies peg
to the dollar. China pegged at Yuan8.28/$ from 1995 to 2005. See the historic exchange
rates of Yuan at http://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/currency.
Positive economic fundamentals, including rapid productivity growth, high investment,
and enormous growth potential, resulted in capital inflows, massive trade surpluses, and
pressure for the exchange rate to appreciate. On July 21, 2005, the People’s Bank of China
announced a revaluation of the Yuan (from Yuan8.28 to Yuan8.11 to the dollar) and a
reform of the exchange rate regime. Under the reform., the People’s Bank of China (POBC,
the central bank of China) linked its currency to a reference basket of currencies, heavily
weighted toward the U.S. dollar. Over the next three years, under this crawling peg system,
the yuan gradually appreciated against the dollar. With the advent of the global economic
crisis, China reestablished the yuan’s fixed peg to the dollar, at Yuan6.84/$ and maintained
it for the next two years. After vocal complaints by U.S. manufacturers, union leaders, and
politicians of both parties, and under pressure from the Obama Administration, China
rolled out a new currency policy on June 20, 2010, that allowed the yuan to once again
float upward, within limits, against the dollar; de facto, however, the Bretton Woods II
regime remains intact and the currency pegged to the U.S. dollar.
The Chinese central bank has managed this peg with widespread capital controls through
quantitative limits on both inflows and outflows. The objectives of the controls have
evolved over time, and include (i) facilitating monetary independence, (ii) helping channel
external savings to desired uses; (iii) preventing firms and financial institutions from taking
excessive external risks; (iv) maintaining balance of payments equilibrium and exchange
rate stability; and (v) insulating the domestic economy from foreign financial crises.
Recently, the government has started to gradually liberalize capital flows and globally
integrate China’s capital markets in order to eventually establish Shanghai as a leading
financial center. It remains unclear, however, whether China will yield more on monetary
independence or exchange rate stability. Chinese authorities fear floating exchange rates,
since they want to avoid a rapid and large appreciation of the yuan. This could have serious
effects on employment and profits of multinationals in their export sector.
Questions
1. By how much did the yuan appreciate against the dollar on July 21,2005?
2. How has the yuan’s appreciation since July 21,2005 affected the U.S. trade deficit with
China? Check the trade deficit with China over time at https://www.census.gov/foreigntrade/balance/c5700.html
3. How did the crawling-peg system in place from 2005 to 2008 likely affect inflows of hot
money to China?
4. What is the likely reason for the Chinese government again fixing the yuan to the dollar
upon the outbreak of the global economic crisis?
5. Why has China adopted capital controls?

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